Overview of India
The world's largest democratic country
Overlord of South Asia
Cold storage of world religions and nations
(1) Indian Human Geography
India (India), the full name of the Republic of India, covers an area of 2.98 million square kilometers (excluding the Sino-Indian border area and Kashmir India’s actual control area, etc.). It is the largest country in South Asia and ranks seventh in the world. The northeast borders China, Nepal, and Bhutan, the east borders Myanmar, the southeast borders Sri Lanka across the sea, and the northwest borders Pakistan. It borders the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west, with a coastline of 5,560 kilometers. With a population of 1.273 billion (2015), India is the second-most populous country in the world after the People’s Republic of China.
India is located in the northern hemisphere, close to the equator, and the whole area is hot. Most of it belongs to the tropical monsoon climate. The year is divided into cool seasons (October to March), summer season (April to June), and rainy season (July to September)Three seasons. Rainfall is more and less frequent, unevenly distributed. The Thar Desert in western India has a tropical desert climate, hot and arid. The Indian territory extends from the Himalayas to the south and extends into the Indian Ocean. The northern part is the mountainous region, the central part is the Indus Ganges Plain, and the southern part is the Deccan Plateau, and the coastal plains on the east and west sides. The crops can grow all year round and have unique natural conditions.
Ancient India is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world. The ancient Indus civilization was created between 2500 and 1750 BC. Around 1500 BC, one of the Aryans who originally lived in Central Asia entered the South Asian subcontinent, conquered the local indigenous people, established some small slavery countries, and established a caste system, and Brahmanism rose. The peacock dynasty that emerged in the 4th century BC united India, with small medieval nations and Hinduism. In 1619, the British East India Company established its first stronghold in northwestern India. From 1757, India gradually became a British colony and was fully occupied by the British in 1858. On August 15, 1947, India and Pakistan were partitioned and India became independent. On January 26, 1950, the Republic of India was established, but it is still a member of the Commonwealth.
India is one of the fastest-growing countries in the world, and its economic growth rate is remarkable. In the first 10 years of this century, the Indian economy entered the fast lane, with an average annual GDP growth rate of 8.5%. Since 2011, affected by factors such as the European debt crisis and the world economic cycle, economic growth has slowed down. In 2014, India’s economy began to bottom out, and GDP grew by 7.6% in 2015. It surpassed China for the first time and became the world’s fastest-growing economy. Fast emerging economies.
India's economic industry is diversified, covering agriculture, handicrafts, textiles, and even service industries. The main crops include rice and barley, and two-thirds of the population still directly or indirectly depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Major industries include software, automotive, mining, petroleum, pharmaceutical, and steel. India’s main exports are petroleum products, textiles, jewelry, software, engineering equipment, chemical products, and leather, etc .; its imports are crude oil, machinery, precious stones, fertilizers, and chemical products. The service industry has grown rapidly in recent years and has become the world's most important exporter of services such as software and finance.
India is a multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-lingual country with a total of more than 100 ethnic groups, of which the Hindustan population is the largest (46.3%), the other major ethnic groups are Telugu (8.6%) and Bengali (7.7%) , Marathi (7.6%), Tamil (7.4%), Gujarati (4.6%), Kannada (3.9%), Malayalam (3.9%), Ori The Ya people (3.8%), Punjabi (2.3%), Sikhs (2%), etc. Due to historical reasons, there are very few Chinese Indians, and their influence in political and economic life is minimal. The places where Chinese people live are more concentrated are mainly in foreign commercial cities such as Kolkata, mainly engaged in leather processing, catering, and other industries.
There are many Indian languages, and the official languages are Hindi and English. Hindi is the most spoken language in the country, used by about 30% of the population; followed by English, which is a nationwide universal language and the language mainly used in political and business contacts. The vast majority of government documents are in English, and there are many large English daily newspapers. In addition, there are more than 20 officially recognized local languages.
The religious beliefs of the Indian people are quite fanatical, and almost everyone has religious beliefs. All major religions in the world have believers in India. In addition to international religions such as Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism, there are also local religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism. Among them, Hindus and Muslims have a large proportion. Larger, accounting for 80.5% and 13.4% of the total population, respectively.
(2) Indian political situation
India has never achieved complete reunification in history. It was only close to reunification during the Peacock Empire and the Mughal dynasty, but it still lags behind the farther south. Therefore, in ancient times, "India" was only a geographical concept, not a national concept. India was once under British rule in modern times, and it also achieved unity during British rule. British India was extremely important to the British Empire at that time. The British king also served as the Indian emperor. While plundering India, he also invested a lot of resources in the construction and development of India.
By 1913 on the eve of the First World War, India had developed prominently in Asia, and its economic aggregate and important economic indicators surpassed that of the preliminarily modernized Japan at that time. It was the first in Asia, far superior to China, and also better than other British Empire entities. At that time, the revenue of the British and Indian governments was 1 billion rupees, about 100 million pounds, which is about half of the United Kingdom government (that is, the British government of the British Isles).
After the end of World War II, the British power declined sharply and it was difficult to maintain its colonial rule in India. The Royal Indian Navy uprising occurred in 1946, and other conflicts followed one after another. In 1947, the British proposed the Mountbatten proposal. According to the plan, British India is divided into India, Pakistan, and Myanmar and other countries are independent. The Republic of India was formally established on August 15, 1947. India ended British rule but remained a member of the Commonwealth.
The Indian Constitution entered into force on January 26, 1950. Claims that India is a federal state, a sovereign, secular, socialist democratic republic, adopting British-style parliamentary democracy. Citizens are equal before the law regardless of race, gender, origin, religious belief, and place of birth.
The President of India is the head of state and the commander of the armed forces. He is elected by an electoral college composed of the Federal Parliament and the State Parliament. The term of office is five years. But its duties are symbolic, and the real power is controlled by the prime minister. The majority party in Parliament nominates the president for the prime minister, who appoints the prime minister. The prime minister then nominates the deputy prime minister and other cabinet members to the president. The Indian State Council has one secretary of state and several members of the state committee, and no deputy secretary of state.
The post-independence Republic of India is facing a series of serious problems and, like other third-world countries fighting for independence in the world, it is advancing in exploration. In the first year after independence, India and Pakistan broke out a military conflict due to the Kashmir dispute. India won a great victory in the third India-Pakistan War in 1971 and dismembered Palestine, but it also paid a huge price. In the era of Nehru, India preferred socialism and modeled the five-year plan for economic development in the Soviet Union. This approach strengthens internal stability but affects economic efficiency. After independence, India had a strong tendency to expand and pursued South Asian hegemony. In 1975, it annexed the Kingdom of Sikkim and set the original Sikkim Kingdom as the so-called Sikkim State. In addition, it has a special status in countries such as Nepal and Bhutan.
 |
| India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru |
After its independence, India has been active in international politics and is one of the founding countries of the Non-Aligned Movement. Successive governments have emphasized that non-alignment is the basis of their foreign policy and strive to play an important role in regional and international affairs to promote a full range of practical diplomacy.
. India is also a member of the BRICS Group. On June 9, 2017, India officially joined the SCO.
After independence, India was ruled by the National Congress for a long time, and the opposition party was in power briefly from 1977 to 1979 and from 1989 to 1991. India ’s political situation was unstable after 1996, and three general elections were held in 1999, resulting in five governments. From 1999 to 2004, the National League for Democracy headed by the Indian People ’s Party came to power and Vajpayee was prime minister. From 2004 to 2013, the United Progressive Alliance led by the National Congress Party was in power, and Manmohan Singh was prime minister. From April 7 to May 12, 2014, India held the 16th People's House election. The People's Party of India won more than half of the seats of the People's House and became the largest party. It ruled alone in the central government and Narendra Modi took office. Prime Minister.
Since 1991, India has pursued economic reforms drastically, and the economy as a whole has maintained rapid growth. After entering the new century, with its huge domestic market size and demographic dividend, and an increasingly open economy, India has become a member of the world's major emerging economies and BRICS countries. Because it is considered to be the world ’s largest democratic country and is ideologically consistent with Western countries, India ’s attempt to pursue diplomacy with major powers has received widespread support from Western countries, and its international influence has continued to increase.
At the beginning of the 21st century, India has become one of the most important emerging economies in the world.
. India is also a member of the BRICS Group. On June 9, 2017, India officially joined the SCO.
After independence, India was ruled by the National Congress for a long time, and the opposition party was in power briefly from 1977 to 1979 and from 1989 to 1991. India ’s political situation was unstable after 1996, and three general elections were held in 1999, resulting in five governments. From 1999 to 2004, the National League for Democracy headed by the Indian People ’s Party came to power and Vajpayee was prime minister. From 2004 to 2013, the United Progressive Alliance led by the National Congress Party was in power, and Manmohan Singh was prime minister. From April 7 to May 12, 2014, India held the 16th People's House election. The People's Party of India won more than half of the seats of the People's House and became the largest party. It ruled alone in the central government and Narendra Modi took office. Prime Minister.
Since 1991, India has pursued economic reforms drastically, and the economy as a whole has maintained rapid growth. After entering the new century, with its huge domestic market size and demographic dividend, and an increasingly open economy, India has become a member of the world's major emerging economies and BRICS countries. Because it is considered to be the world ’s largest democratic country and is ideologically consistent with Western countries, India ’s attempt to pursue diplomacy with major powers has received widespread support from Western countries, and its international influence has continued to increase.
At the beginning of the 21st century, India has become one of the most important emerging economies in the world.
