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| Mongolia (Mongolian People's Republic, Mongolia) |
State in Central Asia. Territory - 1565 thousand sq. km. Population - 1590 thousand (January 1979); over 90% are Mongols, as well as Kazakhs, Tuvans, etc. The capital is Ulan Bator (about 403 thousand inhabitants, 1979). The state language is Mongolian. At the beginning of the XX century. Mongolia was one of the most backward countries in terms of socio-economic and cultural development. The economy was dominated by foreign, primarily Chinese, trade and usurious capital. The Great October Socialist Revolution had a decisive influence on the movement of the Mongol aratism (peasantry) for national and social liberation. In 1921, an anti-feudal and anti-imperialist people's democratic revolution took place in the country, led by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP). 11.VII 1921 in Urga (now Ulan Bator) the victory of the people's revolution was proclaimed. This date is marked as nat. holiday of the Mongolian People's Republic. 26 November 1924 Mongolia was proclaimed a people's republic. After the victory of the people's revolution, the general line of the MPRP was the policy of ensuring the country's gradual transition from feudalism to socialism, bypassing capitalism. At the general democratic stage of the revolution (1921-40), the Mongol people, overcoming fierce resistance from internal reaction and repelling the intrigues of the imperialist aggressors, relying on the USSRliquidated the political and economic foundations of feudalism and the position of foreign capital, carried out the democratization of public life. The people's state introduced a monopoly of foreign trade, began to create and develop industry, modern types of transport and communications. A cultural revolution unfolded in the country, the dominance of the Lamaist church was eliminated. In the process of the emergence and development of a new economy and culture, a national arose. the working class, a popular intelligentsia appeared. Since the 40s. Mongolia began to create the foundations of socialism. As a result of the accelerated development of the productive forces of the MPR by the beginning of the 60s. with technical and economic assistance, the USSR turned from an agrarian into an agrarian-industrial country. By 1960, in the Mongolian People's Republic, the cooperation of individual arat farms was completed, and a unified socialist economic system was established. In the early 60s. the republic has entered the period of completion of the construction of socialism. The MPRP program, adopted by the 15th Party Congress (1966), set the completion of the creation of the material and technical basis of socialism as the central economic task. Successful implementation of the 5-year plans of socio-economic development outlined by the 15th (1966) and 16th (1971) congresses of the MPRP, as well as the fulfillment of the tasks of the 6th five-year plan (1976-80), approved by XVII Congress of the MPRP (1976). The 17th Congress set the task of ensuring a further rise in social production, increasing its efficiency, improving the quality of work in all sectors with the aim of further steadily increasing the material well-being and cultural standard of living of the people. The experience of the development of the Mongolian People's Republic during the years of people's power is a convincing confirmation, based on the example of a sovereign state, of the correctness of Lenin's conclusion about the possibility of the transition of previously backward countries to socialism along a non-capitalist path. Together with the USSR and other fraternal countries, the Mongolian People's Republic is consistently fighting for strengthening the unity and cooperation of the socialist countries, for the further relaxation of international tension, for the consolidation of peace and security in Asia on the basis of the joint efforts of the states of this continent. Mongolia is a member of the CMEA (since 1962). Signed in 1966 a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the USSR and the MPR reliable yYarkit development of traditional Soviet-Mongolian relations is an important factor in strengthening peace and security in the Far East, evidenced indissoluble friendship between the USSR and the Mongolian People's Republic were part of the Soviet Party and government delegation led by Comrade L.I.Brezhnev in the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the III Congress of the MPRP and the proclamation of the MPR as a people's republic (November 1974), as well as an official friendly visit of the party and government delegation of the MPR headed by Yu.Tsedenbal to the USSR(October 1976). The most important role in expanding and deepening all-round Soviet-Mongolian cooperation is played by regular meetings and conversations of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Comrade L.I.Brezhnev and First Secretary of the MPRP Central Committee, Chairman of the Presidium of the Great People's Khural of the MPR, Comrade Y. Tsedenbal. Mongolia is a socialist state. The supreme body of state power is the Great People's Khural, and in the period between its sessions - the Presidium of the Great People's Khural (Chairman - Y. Tseden-bal). The supreme executive and administrative body is the Council of Ministers (Chairman - J. Batmunkh). The leading and guiding force of Mongolian society, the core of its political system, state and public organizations is the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, created by D. Sukhe-Bator and his associates, the Mongolian revolutionaries, in March 1921. First Secretary of the MPRP Central Committee, Yu. Tsedenbal. The central organ of the Central Committee of the MPRP and the government of the MPR is the newspaper Unen, and the political and theoretical journal of the Central Committee of the MPRP is Namyn Amdral. The most massive public organizations: trade unions, the Mongolian Revolutionary Youth Union, the Union of Agricultural Associations. The traditional branch of the economy is agriculture (41% of the working-age population is employed). Livestock breeding (sheep, goats, cattle, horses, camels) provides over 79% of gross agricultural production. Thanks to the development of virgin lands, agriculture is rapidly developing, which has become an independent branch of agricultural production. In agriculture, there are two forms of enterprises: cooperative agricultural associations, in which more than 75% of the total livestock are concentrated, and state farms (over 81% of all sown areas). In 1976-79. 32.9 million heads of young animals were grown, more than 1.4 million g of grain were harvested. Much work is being done to strengthen the material and technical base of agriculture. Industry, which accounts for about 40% of the total social product and about 30% of the national income, is represented by the following main industries: fuel and energy, mining, metalworking, building materials, woodworking, light, food, printing. Industry now produces in 8-9 days as much output as it did in the whole of 1940. average annual growth rate of prom. production was about 8%. With the assistance of the USSR and other CMEA member states, the Mongolian People's Republic is building and modernizing national economic and cultural facilities, and conducting geological exploration work. At the end of 1978, the first stage of the joint Soviet-Mongolian mining and processing copper-molybdenum plant "Erdenet", the largest in Asia, was put into operation. Railway length tracks - more than 1400 km, highways, including those with hard surface - about 47 thousand km, air routes - over 35 thousand km. The monetary unit is the tugrik. 100 tugr. = 22.5 rubles. (February 1980). About 96% are foreign trade. of the Mongolian People's Republic's turnover falls on the share of the CMEA member countries. The main trading partner is the USSR . The main export items are livestock products, as well as mining, light and food industries. The volume of the produced national income per capita increased in 1978 in comparison with 1950 by 2.7 times. The transition to compulsory universal 8-year education is nearing completion in the country.
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