Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev November 9, 1818, - Sept 3, 1883, was a 19th-century Russian essential realist author. the most works embrace the novel "Luo Ting", "Noble House", "The Eve", "Father and Son", "The Land of the Virgin", the novel "Axia", "First Love" then on.
Turgenev was born in a very noble family in Orel Province, however, he detested thrall since childhood. He studied at the national capital University and military campaign University in turn. when graduation, he visited Berlin for more studies. when returning to China, he became shut friends with Belinsky. Since 1847, he has written for "Modern Man" magazine, opposing thrall out of a liberal and humanitarian stance. Turgenev began to make in his school days. The "Hunter's Notes", which he wrote in turn from 1847 to 1852, is his noted work, that primarily expresses the connection between peasants and landlords below the thrall system. The anti-serfdom tendency of this work enraged the authorities, and also the authorities in remission and exiled Turgenev on the grounds that he had printed an editorial mourning Gogol for violating the censorship laws. whereas in detention, he wrote the anti-serfdom story "Wood". From the decennary to the Nineteen Seventies, Turgenev’s inventive amount was flourishing. He, in turn, printed novels: "Luo Ting" (1856), "Noble House" (1859), "Eve" (1860), "Father and "The Son" (1862), "Smoke" (1867), "Virgin Land" (1877). From the decennary, Turgenev spent most of his time in Western Europe, befriending several writers and artists, like Zola, Maupassant, Dude, Goncourt, etc. Participated within the "International Literary Congress" control in Paris and was elective because of the VP (President Victor Hugo). Turgenev died in Paris, France on Sept three, 1883.
Experience
November 9, 1818, Turgenev was born in Russia Orel Orel province a gift-loaded family, the daddy is that the head of a cavalry regiment. Turgenev's mother was a cruel thrall owner. Turgenev witnessed the furiousness and tyranny of the owner category since he was a toddler, and he had long sympathized with the peasant peasants.
In 1833, he entered the school of Literature of the national capital University. A year later, he transferred to the Department of Philosophy of military campaign University. when graduation, he visited the University of Berlin to review philosophy, history, and Greek and Latin. Turgenev entered the national capital University for one year then transferred to St. military campaign University to review classics, Russian literature, and philosophy.
In 1838, visited the University of Berlin to review philosopher philosophy. Turgenev saw a lot of fashionable social organization in Europe and was thought to be "Europeanized" intellectuals, advocating that Russia ought to learn from the West and get rid of the social organization together with the thrall.
In the spring of 1843, Turgenev and his earliest master Li information (Chinese translation) co-published an extended narrative literary composition "Balasha", which marked his transition from romanticism to realism. Turgenev's long narrative literary composition "Balasha" was praised by Belinsky, and also the 2 established a deep friendly relationship thenceforth. After that, Turgenev began to step by step address prose creation. the primary prose work is that the novel "Andrei Kolosov". Then he printed the narrative literary composition "Landlord" and also the novel "Pitushkov". He conjointly wrote several scripts, together with "Diners", "Banquet of the Noble Chief" and "The Bachelor", that primarily mirror the life and customs of the nobles.
In the early decennary, he printed novelettes "Diary of a Superfluous Man" and "Yakov Passinkov".
From 1847 to 1852, he printed his noted work "Hunter's Notes" within the progressive publication "Modern Man". The anti-serfdom tendency of this work enraged the authorities, and also the authorities in remission and exiled Turgenev on the grounds that he had printed an editorial mourning Gogol for violating the censorship laws. whereas in custody, he wrote the novel "Wood".
Turgenev printed the script "A Month within the Village" in 1855, and started to step by step care concerning the conflict between intellectuals and aristocrats. In 1856, he printed the novel "Luo Ting", which represented the image of a rebellious very little leader with a revolutionary passion however lack of action. Turgenev printed "The House of Nobles" in 1859.
In 1860, he printed the novel "Eve", which represented the image of a revolutionary Inzarov. Dubroljubov valued this novel a great deal and printed an article "When can the $64000 day come?" "-Asserting that "the eve of the day is usually shortly from the day that comes with it", thinking that Turgenev delineated the eve of the revolution. Turgenev disagreed with this statement and hoped that Nekrasov wouldn't create this comment. Nekrasov failed to agree, that crystal rectifier to the break between Turgenev and "Modern Man" magazine.
Turgenev printed "Father and Son" in 1862. The protagonist Bazarov was self-important, targeted on the action and scientific experiments. it's the author's theoretical image of a newcomer, however, it's been criticized by the democrats.
In the late decennary, he lived abroad for several years. He got at home with several foreign writers, like his shut relationship with French writers Sand, Flaubert, Dude, Zola, and Maupassant. He introduced Russian literature to Western Europe, particularly the works of Pushkin and Tolstoy. In 1867, he wrote the novel "Smoke".
Turgenev settled in France within the decennary. throughout this era, he created a series of "reminiscence novellas", like "King Lear on the Prairie", "Puning and Babnin" and "Spring Tide". In 1877 he printed his last novel "Virgin Land". within the previous couple of years of his life, Turgenev, World Health Organization was far from his fatherland, wrote eighty-three prose poems on his bed to precise his feelings in his late years.
On August twenty-two, 1883, Turgenev died in Paris. in keeping with his can, the body was transported back to Russia and buried within the spot of Belinsky within the Volkov burial site in a military campaign.
Life
Turgenev never married. The only true love in his life was dedicated to the singer Mrs. Pauline Vialdo. She is married and has a good marriage. Turgenev maintains a friendly relationship with her family. There is no hope for personal happiness. But he still dedicated his whole life to this Madame Vialdo and lived not far from her home whenever possible. When her two daughters were married, Turgenev prepared them for each. Dowry.
When Turgenev was 24 years old, he fell in love with his maid Avdodya. As soon as Turgenev’s mother heard the rumors that Turgenev was in love with Avdodya, she was furious and ordered the "offend The woman who has been at fault" was sent away from Spaskoye. Avdotiya-Yermoraevna only got Moscow. There, she made a living as a tailor. She was pregnant when she left and gave birth to a daughter the following spring, named Belagaya. Soon after the daughter was born, she was taken away from her mother and sent to her grandmother's manor. Afdodiya Yermolaevna later married the petty citizen Kalugin. Turgenev paid her alimony every year until her death in 1875.
Turgenev’s daughter and grandmother are not happy living together. When his daughter was 5 years old, Turgenev gave her to his lifelong girlfriend Pauline Vialdo to raise her. In February 1865, his 23-year-old daughter was married. Turgenev had a good impression of his son-in-law. He believed that he was beautiful, kind, and capable and that he would be happy when marrying his daughter because the newly married home is materially secure: the daughter will receive a generous dowry from the father, and the son-in-law will add Ston Breuai is the owner of a glass factory. Soon Turgenev had grandchildren. Turgenev himself has never tasted family happiness, and he particularly eagerly hopes that his daughter will be happy. However, life ruthlessly deceived the father and daughter. Gaston went bankrupt and squandered all his wife's dowry. Disharmony between husband and wife, a happy family is completely destroyed. Belagaya took the children, without any belongings, and left her husband, and ran to Switzerland. Although Turgenev was old and seriously ill, he still supported her as much as possible, helped her hide, and even failed to see her when he died.
Work theme
Turgenev has a deep love for mankind. This love is not only manifested in his praise and praise to people with noble qualities such as kindness, bravery, and tenacity but also in his deep sympathy for human suffering. It is manifested in that he always tries his best to help those who suffer, and it is manifested in his hatred and condemnation of those who caused such suffering. All of these are fully reflected in his works.
Starting from humanitarianism, Turgenev ruthlessly exposed and deeply criticized the inhumane social system. His works all embody this uncompromising spirit, and this also shows that he has a complete break with the aristocratic class from which he came.
Some heroes and heroines in Turgenev's works have become immortal artistic images in Russian literature, and the description of love occupies an important position in the plot of Turgenev's novels. The love described in Turgenev’s novels, without exception, brings love to a tragic ending.
In the history of literature, Turgenev was the first to introduce social ideals into love. After opening Turgenev's six novels, it can be found that the love of the hero and heroine in the work has gone through all kinds of hardships and squeezes, but finally did not become married. Turgenev has said this many times: "I am mainly a realist; what I am most interested in is the living reality of the human face. An accurate and powerful expression of the truth of life is the author's highest happiness. Even if this truth is not in line with his personal love.” This shows that the author’s faithfulness to real-life defeated his preference for women when he wrote. The love story he wrote ended in a tragic ending. The social reality determines this is the tragedy of the times, the tragedy of the society.
Artistic characteristics
Turgenev's creation has distinct characteristics of the times and a strong critical spirit. His creation began with poems and ended with prose poems. He has made great achievements in poetry, drama, and novels. His creation is faithful to the principles of realism, he is good at grasping the pulse of the times, keenly discovering new and major social phenomena, focusing his attention on the lives and fate of aristocratic intellectuals and civilian intellectuals, and is good at shaping female images. Famous in the world. His works have clear themes, rigorous structure, and beautiful language. They are especially good at portraying the ever-changing nature of natural scenery, and they are poetic and philosophical. There are also outstanding achievements in the psychological description of characters. One of the most fundamental inclinations of his creation is not to follow a certain social trend of thought, but to devote himself to depicting and building the peculiar Russian people's customs and customs, national ethical concepts, and the Russian national character with distinctive national character. This has had a good influence on the development of Russian literature.
Almost all of Turgenev’s short stories can be regarded as a combination of poetry and prose, and it is a new form of the combination of classic Russian poetry and Russian prose. From another perspective, it is a model of Russian romanticism and a model. The new form was produced by the combination of Russian realism.
Character influence
Turgenev was the first Russian novelist with full realism spirit and proficient realism techniques. From the perspective of the development history of Russian realism literature, he ended the "transition" period of Russian literature from romanticism to realism with his novel creation that reflected "lively reality". His appearance marked the beginning of a new stage of maturity in Russian realism literature.
Turgenev was loyal to his nature and creative personality, creatively inherited and developed the fine traditions of Pushkin and Gogol’s realism, effectively used the positive results of Russian and Western European romanticism, tempered and established his own The unique realism novels have greatly enriched the treasure house of Russian realism literature and have strongly promoted the development of Russian realism literature.
Turgenev was the first Russian novelist with influence across Europe and the world. With his own creation and rich artistic experience, he expanded the influence of Russian realist literature and made great contributions to the establishment and consolidation of the important position of Russian literature in world literature.
Turgenev’s creation reflects Russia’s social life in the transitional period from feudal serfdom to capitalism and has created a series of artistic models with characteristics of the times. It has become an important part of the artistic chronicle of the Russian liberation movement. The artistic style of simplicity, simplicity, exquisiteness, freshness, and lyricism had a great influence on Russian and even world literature. Lenin called him an "excellent Russian writer." Together with Leo Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky, he is known as the Big Three of Russian literature. Turgenev also contributed to the standardization of the Russian language.
Character evaluation
Turgenev was a very clever man with an extraordinary talent for poetry. (Commented by Belinsky, a Russian literary critic)
Turgenev is a master of the Russian language. (Comment by Russian writer Dostoevsky) When future experts in literary history talk about the development of the Russian language, they will definitely say that this language was created by Pushkin, Turgenev, and Chekhov. (Comment by former Soviet writer Gorky)
Turgenev is "a remarkable Russian writer".
