2. The historical origin of Pakistan
The Islamic Republic of Pakistan was formally established in 1956. Although Pakistan has a short history, it has a long history. Generally speaking, we say that India is one of the four ancient civilizations, but strictly speaking, Pakistan is more qualified than India today to deserve this title. Because the so-called ancient Indus civilization was mainly originated and distributed in today's Pakistan. In terms of geographical and historical heritage, Pakistan and India have a lot in common. The ancient Indus civilization is a common historical heritage of India and Pakistan.
(1) The prehistoric era (before 2350 BC)
1. New and old Stone Age
Contemporary archaeological studies have found some scattered early human fossils (later named Narmada) in the Narmada Valley region, indicating that at least in the middle of the Paleolithic period, India already had human settlements. The lineage classification of the Narmada people is undecided (Homo erectus or Homo sapiens); their survival time varies from 200,000 to 500,000 years ago. The late Paleolithic began approximately 40,000 years ago and ended 15,000 years ago.
Narmada Valley
Mesolithic cultural sites are widely distributed throughout the subcontinent and Sri Lanka; the earliest Mesolithic site was found in Sri Lanka, and the northernmost site was found in the Hindu Kush Mountains. The Hindu Kush Mountains now belong to Afghanistan, but in ancient India has a close relationship and appears to be a direct development of Paleolithic culture in the same region.
Since about 6000 BC, all parts of India have entered the Neolithic Age, and the cultural distribution is more extensive. Historically, the Indus Valley has been spatially close to the two river basins, with closer ties, more mutual exchanges, and more difficult contact with less contact with China. In general, the Neolithic culture of India is later, not only later than China, but also later than the culture of the Lianghe River Basin.
2. Early culture (before 2350-before and after 1750)
The oldest known Indian civilization is the Indus Valley civilization in the third millennium BC. It is usually named after Xalapa (in West Punjab, Pakistan) where the representative site is located, and is called Xalapa culture. The reason why India can be among the four ancient civilizations is precisely because of the discovery of Xalapa culture.
Xalapa Culture-Mohenjodaro Archaeological Site
When the Xalapa culture reached considerable development and maturity, it declined due to unknown reasons so far, and eventually disappeared completely. The impact on the later is weak and difficult to identify. The Indian civilization, generally known to the world, is dominated by the Aryan culture that subsequently entered India.
(2) From the Aryans to the colonial era
The Aryans of India were the ones that were later known to the world.
1. Vedic culture (around 1500 BC-around 600 BC)
After the Indus civilization gradually declined. Around 1500 BC, the Aryans who lived in Central Asia (a so-called southern Russian grassland) wandered into the Indus Valley of Pakistan. Because the historical materials of this period are kept in "Vedas" and the "Vatican", "Forest Book", "Unanimous Book" and two epics that explain Vedic, "Vedas" are very important in the spiritual system of Indian society. It is called the Vedic era. Vedic means clear and knowledge.
Among them, "Ligu Vedas" was written in the 12th to 9th centuries BC, and was called early Vedas, while "Sama Vedas", "Yeluo Vedas" and "Ari Vedas" were written in 900 BC. -Before 600 years or later, it is also called late Vedic.
Brahmanism began to emerge in the late Vedic period. Brahmanism believes in primitive nature worship, with Brahma as the main god, in addition to the god of destruction and dance, Shiva, and the god of light, Vishnu. Brahmanism also promotes the concept of reincarnation of good and evil, and advocates the idea that the Brahman and I agree. Brahmanism has a far-reaching influence on Buddhism and Hinduism and other religions. Some studies believe that there is also a certain relationship with Taoism in ancient China.
Brahman statue
Brahman statue
2. The period of the Persian Empire (around 550 BC-around 300 BC)
From the middle of the 6th century BC, the Persian Empire, which emerged on the Iranian plateau of western Asia, invaded India and ruled today's Pakistan. The Persian Indian province was set up in this area. This is the recorded Indian Aryan society and The first more comprehensive political contact with other advanced civilizations. At that time, there were 20 provinces in Persia, and each province ’s annual tribute income was worth 20,000 tarats (about 30.3 kg) of silver. Among them, the Indian province is one of the most populous, richest and most heavily-produced provinces in Persia It is necessary to pay approximately 4680 Tarant's gold.
This historical period is also the period of the nations of the Indian subcontinent. The spiritual life of India during the times of the nations was very active, and many philosophical or religious schools emerged, among which Buddhism and Jainism were the most influential. Buddhism split soon after its founding. Mahayana Buddhism developed in the north, and Mahayana Buddhism developed in the south.
After the Persian Empire, King Alexander the Great of Macedonia in Greece also invaded Pakistan.
3. Peacock Dynasty (322 years ago-185 years ago)
Alexander the Great's conquest of Pakistan did not last long, and he quickly withdrew from Pakistan and died of illness. But Alexander ’s invasion broke Pakistan ’s original political landscape and had a very significant impact on the changes in Pakistan ’s local political landscape. Shortly after Alexandria withdrew from Pakistan, the Lord of Moons, known as the Moon Guardian, overthrew the Nanda royal family of the Majestic Kingdom and established the first imperial-style Peacock Dynasty in the history of Pakistan (India).
Gandhara Kaduo drove away the remaining power of the Greeks in Punjab and gradually conquered most of India and Pakistan. In the later period of the reign of the Moon Guardian, he also repelled the invasion of Alexander the Great's general Seleucus I, and gained control of the entire Pakistan and Afghanistan.
4. The period of foreign invasion (200 BC-around 300 AD)
From the beginning of the 2nd century onwards, the Peacock Empire gradually weakened and the country was divided. Northwest invaders, such as the Daxia Greeks, Cypriots and Sabbaths, invaded Pakistan successively. Successful invaders, they established a powerful Guishuang Empire in Pakistan and Northwest India.
The Da Yue people originally lived in the area from Zhangye to Dunhuang in the west of the Hexi Corridor in China. They were defeated by the Huns. After fleeing west to Central Asia, they conquered Bactria (a country established by the ancient Greeks in Central Asia) around 125 BC. ), Rule the entire Amu Darya, Syr Darya. In order to facilitate the rule, it is divided into five, and five princes rule, Guishuang is one of them. In the middle of the 1st century AD, Kui Hou Qiu unified the five tribes, established the Gui Shuang Empire, ruled Central Asia, and conquered Pakistan and northwestern India.
The heyday of the Guishuang dynasty was about 127-230 years. The territory stretched from today's Tajikistan to the Caspian Sea, Afghanistan and the Indus River Basin. It reached its heyday under the rule of Jiazhi Sejia I and its successors. More than one hundred thousand, is considered to be one of the four major powers in Europe and Asia at that time. It was tied with the Han Dynasty, Rome, and rest at that time. The capital of the capital, Burusapura (Furusha, or Fushasha, now Peshawar, Pakistan). The Guishuang dynasty advocated Buddhism, attached importance to the development of foreign trade, and communicated with China (Han) and the Roman Empire. The Gandhara carving art in the territory is the most famous.
Around the 3rd century AD, the Guishuang empire was divided, and in the 5th century, it was a nomadic people living in Eurasia in ancient times. According to Chinese history books, they originally lived north of the Great Wall and were called slippery countries. It is difficult to test, and it is generally considered to be a descendant of the Central Asian Cypriot nomadic people and the Han Dynasty Yue Yue clan, which Western historians call "Bai Xiongnu.") The invasion and the Guishuang Empire perished. It is generally believed that the Jat people distributed in modern Pakistan and India are descendants of Da Yue.
5. The Kadodo Dynasty (320-540 AD)
After the decline of the Guishuang empire, it was the Kato dynasty that replaced their dominant position in northern Pakistan. The Kaddu dynasty was the first powerful indigenous dynasty in the Indian subcontinent after the Peacock dynasty, roughly unifying northern India, including Pakistan, but limited development in the south.
In the 5th and 6th centuries, the Kudah (Bai Huns) who invaded Pakistan from Central Asia damaged the Gaduo dynasty and the empire quickly disintegrated. During this period, the Sassanid dynasty from Persia conquered much of Pakistan today.
6. The Japanese dynasty (about the 7th century AD)
The Jai dynasty, also known as the Kaoru Ju Capricorn Kingdom or the Lisha Empire, was built by the Jai prince (reigned 606-647), hence its name. Its territory includes North India, the capital, except Kashmir, Sindh, and West Punjab. Qu Nucheng (now Kanao season).
Tang Seng Xuan Zang's visit to India during the prince of the Japanese king promoted the understanding of the people of China and India. From 641 to 647, the dynasty dynasty sent many diplomatic envoys to hire the Tang dynasty, and Tang Taizong also sent Wang Xuance to visit India four times, leading to political contacts between the two countries. The expansion of cultural exchange laid the foundation.
After the death of the King of the Sun, there were no heirs, and some local officials soon declared their independence. This situation continued until the early 8th century, and as Muslims arrived in the coastal areas, a new era appeared in Pakistan.
7. Muslim conquest of Pakistan
In the early 8th century AD, the army of the Arab Empire that emerged on the Arabian Peninsula in southwestern Asia began to enter the Indian subcontinent, conquered parts of Pakistan and the Indian subcontinent, established an Islamic regime, and introduced Islam to make a large number of local residents become Muslims.
This action opened the prelude to the continuous invasion of Pakistan by the Muslim regime in Central Asia and West Asia over the next 1,000 years, and Pakistan gradually became Islamized.
8. The Ghazni Dynasty
The true conquest of Pakistan by Islam began in the 11th century and was carried out by the Turks of Central Asia. The Sultan Mahmud of the Ghaznavid Dynasty expedite Pakistan and India more than 17 times, causing severe damage in Pakistan and northern India. The widespread Buddhism also perished due to the aggression of the Ghaznavid dynasty. During this period, the territory of the Ghaznavid dynasty in Central Asia was annexed by its original vassal Ghor dynasty in Afghanistan in 1173.
9. Mongolian rule
Genghis himself invaded Pakistan until the Indus River, but because the Mongolian cavalry could not bear the heat of India, he quickly withdrew. Later, the grandson of the Genghis Khan, Xu Liewu, conquered West Asia and Persia, and also conquered Pakistan. Part of Pakistan's territory became the territory of the Yier Khan State, one of the four major Khan countries of Mongolia.
10. Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)
The Sultanate of Delhi has existed for 320 years. It is the collective name of the Islamic regional feudal countries where the Turkic and Afghan military aristocracy ruled Pakistan and North India from the 13th to 16th centuries. It is named after its capital, Delhi.
The ruler of the Gur Dynasty, Muizddin Muhammad (Muhammad of Gur) decisively defeated the Zhaohan people in the second Battle of Dray in 1192, and he remained in India's governor (born slave) Gutb Ding Albuquerque adopted the title of Sudan in 1206 to rule Pakistan and North India, which were conquered by Muslims, and the capital was Delhi.
In the following 320 years, the Sultanate of Delhi experienced the rule of 5 dynasties and 32 Sudans that had no family relations or even ethnic relations with each other. The five dynasties are: Slave Dynasty (1206-1290), Karji Dynasty (1290-1320), Tugluuk Dynasty (1320-1414), Said Dynasty (1414-1451), Lodi Dynasty (1451- 1526).
In 1526, the Sultanate of Delhi was replaced by the Mughal dynasty established by Mongolian descendants.
11. Mughal Empire (1526-1857)
The Mughal Empire is a feudal autocratic dynasty established by Babur, a descendant of the Turkic Mongolian Timur, in Pakistan and most of India. The Mughal Empire is actually the "Mongolian Empire".
Timur is a Turkic Mongolian who believes in Islam and tends to Persian culture in cultural awareness. He established the Timur Empire (1370-1507) in a large area of Central Asia and Western Asia and also occupied Pakistan and India. Northwest.
After the collapse of the Timur Empire, his descendants Babur led the army to invade the South Asian subcontinent to establish the Mughal Empire. In the heyday of the third-generation emperor Akbar, the Mughal Empire implemented a policy of cultural integration and religious tolerance. During the heyday of the empire, the territory covered almost the entire South Asian subcontinent and Afghanistan. The superstructure of the Mughal Empire is Muslim, and Persian is the language of courts, public affairs, diplomacy, literature and high society.
The territory of the Mughal Empire during the sixth generation of the Emperor Aurangzeb reached the maximum range, but Aurangzeb was a poor soldier, and the consumption was huge. The Mughal Empire began to decline.
The Mughal Empire fell behind. Colonial empires such as the British Empire, the French Colonial Empire, the Dutch Colonial Empire and the Portuguese Colonial Empire competed for colonies in Pakistan. Eventually, the British victory and the Mughal Emperor became a puppet. In 1858, Queen Victoria of England was awarded the title of Queen of Pakistan, establishing British Pakistan, and the Mughal dynasty perished.
12. Invasion of Persians and Afghans
Simultaneously with the invasion of Western colonists, in 1739, the Persian King Nadir Shah invaded India, burned Delhi, and cut off all Indian territory west of the Indus. Since then, the ruler of Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah, has repeatedly invaded India. In the third Panipat battle in 1761, the Indian rulers were devastated and the Afghans occupied Pakistan.
The invasions of Persia and Afghanistan cleared the way for Western colonists to occupy India.
(3) During and after the colonial period (1757-)
The earliest European country to establish a stronghold in the South Asian subcontinent was Portugal. Since then, the Dutch have also actively stepped in and defeated the Portuguese. By the 18th century, the major European powers pursuing interests in the South Asian subcontinent were mainly Britain and France. In 1619, the British East India Company established its first stronghold in northwestern India. After the Anglo-French Seven-Year War, Britain occupied an advantageous position in India, weakening France to only a few small colonies in India.
After the Indian National Uprising in 1857-1858, Britain took the opportunity to achieve full rule over Pakistan and India. The "Improvement of Indian Management Law" passed in 1858 canceled the East India Company, the Indian Minister of State took over all its functions, and established the Indian government headed by the Indian Governor. The British also officially ended the Mughal dynasty that had no meaning. , Exiled Bahadur Shah II to Myanmar.
After 1885, Indian nationalism emerged, and there were nationalist gatherings almost every year. In 1909, the United Kingdom passed the Mora-Minto Reform Act, which stipulated that Muslims and Hindus should be elected separately in the legislative elections. After that, sectarian politics became a system, and the Indian national movement split.
The First World War had a major impact on the development of Indian nationalism. On April 13, 1919, the British army slaughtered the Indian people. In the Second World War, the Indian national movement continued to develop. After the end of World War II, the British power declined sharply, and its colonial rule in India was impossible to maintain. The Royal Indian Navy uprising occurred in 1946. The British proposed the Mountbatten plan in 1947. In June 1947, India and Pakistan implemented the plan based on the Mountbatten plan. Divide and conquer. On August 14, the same year, Pakistan declared its independence and became an autonomous province of the British Commonwealth, including the eastern and western parts of Pakistan. On March 23, 1956, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was formally established and remains a member of the Commonwealth.
Lord Mountbatten
According to the provisions of the "Mountbatten Plan", Pakistani-majority areas are classified as Pakistan, and Muslim-majority areas are classified as Pakistan. However, the question of attribution to Kashmir stipulates that the princes and states should decide to join Pakistan or Pakistan, or maintain independence. At that time, 77% of the population of Kashmir was Muslim, and they preferred to join Pakistan; the King of Kashmir Tubang was a Hindu. He first did not want to join Pakistan, nor did he want to join Pakistan, but in the end he preferred to join India. Therefore, the question of Kashmir's affiliation was not resolved when India and Pakistan divided.
Shortly after the partition of India and Pakistan, the two sides fought for Kashmir sovereignty in October 1947 in the Kashmir region, a large-scale armed conflict, the first India-Pakistan war. In December 1947, Pakistan referred the Kashmir issue to the UN Security Council.
In August 1948 and January 1949, the United Nations India-Pakistan Committee successively adopted resolutions on the ceasefire in Kashmir and the referendum. Both India and Pakistan accepted. The two sides formally ceased fire in January 1949, and a ceasefire line was defined in July. Kashmir is divided into Indian-controlled areas and Pakistan-controlled areas, and India and Pakistan have established local governments in their respective controlled areas.
In August 1953, after a meeting between the prime ministers of India and Pakistan, a joint communiqué was issued announcing that the Kashmir dispute should be resolved through a Kashmir referendum. However, in June 1965, India and Pakistan broke out the second India-Pakistan war around the Kashmir issue.
In December 1971, in the third Indian-Pakistani war that broke out as East Pakistan (later Bangladesh) broke out of Pakistan, India occupied part of the Pakistan-controlled Kashmir region.
In March 1971, East Pakistan announced the establishment of the People ’s Republic of Bangladesh, and in December of the same year Bangladesh officially became independent.
In July 1972, India and Pakistan signed the "Simla Agreement". Both parties agreed to respect the actual line of control formed after the ceasefire between the two sides in 1971 in Kashmir.
