The Roman Empire in the third century AD was in a precarious state: internal military chaos and imperial power decline; external Germanic attacks brought the entire empire to the brink of collapse. In 260 AD, Emperor Valerian became a captive of the Persians and was tortured. Decent and unfinished, terrible. In 271 Emperor Aurelian had to abandon Dacia (present-day Romania) and encircle the imperial cities with walls. The Romans, who had always been proud of offensive and ashamed of building walls, began to feel an unprecedented crisis.
At the time when the Roman Empire was in danger, a tribe of yellow races from the East suddenly appeared in Europe and quickly grew into the most powerful country in Europe. In the eyes of the Germans, they are terrifying two-legged beasts. In the eyes of the Romans, they were demons in human skin. When the cold current of the 4th century roared from the Arctic Ocean, they embarked on a great journey: first easily destroyed the Chinese Empire, and then casually plunged Rome into groaning and pain. The whole world shivered in front of them. However, decades later, they suddenly disappeared in the long river of history and are no longer remembered. who are they? Where do they come from?
Legend has it that this tribe is descended from the Northern Huns who were defeated by the Han Empire in the East. If this is true, then the Huns who were frustrated in the East have been compensated in the West. This is somewhat similar to the history of the founding of Rome: It is said that the ancestors of the Romans were Trojans, and they had a long history with the Greeks in the west. The ten-year war, unfortunately, was defeated by the tricks of the Greeks, the city of Troy fell, and the king of Troy, Priam, died. The descendants and relatives of Priam, in order to avoid the pursuit of the Greeks, followed Inias across the ocean, fled to the desolate Apennine Peninsula, and settled there. Later, the descendants of Inias were called Romans.
Let us not discuss whether the European Huns are descendants of the Huns, nor whether the ancestors of the Romans are Trojans or not. What we can be sure of is that as soon as the Huns set foot on European soil, they destroyed the Alan country on the east bank of the Don River. In 375, the Huns launched an offensive against the Eastern Goths on the Black Sea coast. The Eastern Goths threatened by the Huns fled west to the Visigoth territory and formed an alliance with the Visigoths. The Eastern and Visigothic forces placed their troops on the Transnistria (which flows through today’s Ukraine and Moldova), preparing to meet the Huns, while the Huns secretly crossed the Transnistria at night and then copied the Goths. Behind the army. The Goths defeated by the Huns crossed the Danube and settled in the northern part of the Roman Empire. In addition to the Goths, other Germanic and Slav barbarians fled to the Roman Empire under the strategic pressure of the Huns.
In the autumn of 400 AD, the Huns began a new western expedition after resting for 25 years east of the Carpathian Mountains. This time their target was no longer the Germanic barbarians, but the Roman Empire, but their first contact with Rome was courteous and kind: this year, an Eastern Roman general named Guinea was rebelling. After the failure, he fled to the lower reaches of the Danube and plunged into the territory of the Huns. The Huns sent the rebel general's head to Constantinople and dedicated it to the Eastern Roman emperor. In 405 AD, the Huns attacked the Goths. The Goths crossed the Alps and entered the heart of the Roman Empire—Italy. As a result, he was attacked by the Western Roman army and the Huns behind him in a place called Fa'aisuli, and the army was eventually wiped out.
In 434, the Hungarian leader Lugadan died, his two nephews Attila and Breda jointly inherited the throne, each in charge of a part of the territory. Soon after the two Shans ascended the throne, they launched a war against the Eastern Roman Empire, demanding that the Eastern Roman emperor surrender the Huns’ rebellion and double the annual tribute from 350 pounds of gold to 700 pounds of gold. The Eastern Roman emperor had to be coerced by force. promise. In 445, Breda Danyu was mysteriously assassinated, and Attila became the only Danyu in the Hungarian Empire. Immediately after Attila took power, a large-scale war was launched: In Northern and Eastern Europe, the Anglo-Saxons fled to the British Isles to avoid the Huns, and many German and Slav tribes were forced to submit to the Huns.
After consolidating the east and the north, Attila made a major invasion of the Eastern Roman Empire in 447. The Eastern Roman Empire was defeated one after another. The Hungarian cavalry continued to reach the Daniel Strait and the hot springs in Greece, which seriously threatened the east. For the safety of Constantinople, the capital of the Roman Empire, the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire was forced to seek peace. The two sides signed a peace treaty in 448. The Eastern Romans immediately paid the Xiongnu a compensation of 6,000 pounds of gold, and the annual tribute also increased from 700 pounds of gold to 2,100. Pounds of gold. At this point, Attila’s empire stretched from the Caspian Sea in the east, the Rhine River in the west, the North Sea in the north, and the Black Sea in the south, and included the European part of Russia, Germany, Poland, Hungary and other places in the bag. However, Attila was not satisfied with this-he set his sights on further expansion on the Western Roman Empire.
In 450, Attila sent envoys to Rome, demanding to marry Princess Henoria, the sister of the Western Roman emperor, and asking the Western Roman Empire to take half of the land as a dowry. The West Romans naturally could not accept such harsh requirements, so the two sides immediately broke out: Attila assembled the Huns and the 500,000 Slavic and Germanic tribes surrendered to him, crossed the Rhine River and went under the rule of West Rome. The Gaul region (now France) launched an offensive. The cities of Gaul were destroyed one by one by the Huns like prey on the prairie, and finally Attila's army came under the city of Orleans. Here Attila met his nemesis Aetius.
Aetius was a mixture of Romans and Vandals. He came to the court of the Huns as a proton from the Roman side in 418 AD. At the same time, the court of the Huns at the time also sent a proton to the Roman side— This person is not someone else, it is the later Huns who singled out Attila. During his life as a hostage, Aetius had close contact and observed all the situation of the Huns-he not only knew the internal situation of the Huns, but also fought fiercely with the real power figures within the Huns. During Lugadan's administration, Aetius twice borrowed from the Huns to quell the civil strife in Western Rome. Later, when Attila was in power, Aetius borrowed the Huns three times to conquer the Visigoths, Burgundians and other barbarians.
There is often no victory in the battle between friends. They are familiar with each other and often prepare in advance before the other party makes the next move. Every contest is a real contest, and there are few surprises at all. The former close friends of Aetius and Attila, their respective armies are made up of the most powerful soldiers in the world: the Romans and the Huns. At the same time, both sides also attracted some Germanic barbarians. Both sides suffered heavy losses in this battle: The Visigoth King Theodoric I died in battle, and the result was that the Huns were driven east of the Rhine. But Attila did not learn from this, but led his troops to avoid Gaul the following year and crossed the Alps into northern Italy. Perhaps the horrible memory of Attila's invasion is still fresh, and the Europeans gave him the title of "God's Whip". The Huns captured the important town of Aquileia and smashed their troops to Rome, the capital of the empire. The Western Roman emperor was so frightened that he had to send Pope Leo I to negotiate a peace with the Huns. At this time, there was a plague among the Huns and the reinforcements of the Eastern Roman Empire were about to reach Rome. Therefore, Attila agreed to negotiate a peace. Princess Noria sent it to herself, and he will come to attack Western Rome. In this way, the Romans watched as the Huns walked away full of looted property, leaving only a piece of ruins in northern Italy.
He died mysteriously shortly after Attila withdrew, and his opponent Aetius was killed by the jealous emperor in the political struggle within Rome. After Attila's death, his sons fought a civil war for the position of the big single. In 454, the Ostrogoths and the Gipidians formed a coalition to defeat the Huns in Hungary and force them to retreat to the southern Russian steppes. In 461, a son of Attila tried to rebuild the Hungarian empire and launched a war against the East Goths in the Danube Valley, but was defeated. In 468, he launched another war against the Eastern Roman Empire, and he died on the battlefield. From then on, the Huns gradually fell silent until they were completely forgotten by history. In 476, shortly after the collapse of the Hungarian Empire, Romulus Augustus, the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, was deposed by Odoac, the mercenary leader of the barbarian origin, and the Western Roman Empire was destroyed. Series of Germanic countries, European history thus entered the Middle Ages.
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