2. History of the UAE

(1) Early history



As early as the Stone Age, Abu Dhabi, Ain and other places were inhabited. More than 4,000 BC, the first Sumerians of Mesopotamia moved here, and they called this area "Magan". The area was merged into the Arab Empire in the 7th century AD. In 603, the founder of Islam, Muhammad's messenger Omer came to the Gulf to drive away the Persians and spread Islam. Since then, all tribes in the UAE have embraced Islam, and the Gulf region has seen a period of relative stability. During the Umayyad (or Umayyad) dynasty (661-750), it became a nautical and maritime trading center. In 1498, the Portuguese navigator Da Gama departed from Portugal, bypassed the Cape of Good Hope, entered the East African coast, and finally reached the bay, which opened the prelude to colonial rule in the bay area.

    The Ain cultural site is a testimony of human settlement in the        desert area and the only world cultural heritage in the UAE


(2) British period



Since the 16th century, Portugal, the Ottoman Empire, the Netherlands, France, the United Kingdom, and the Persians have joined the battle for control of the Gulf. In 1507, Portugal invaded the southern coast of the Gulf, established settlements, built forts, and looted, and based on this, expanded to Iran, Iraq, and India, and established colonial rule. In 1523, Hormuz, a town on the Gulf, became Portugal's "protectorate", and other emirates in the Gulf region subordinate to Hormuz also fell. More than a century later, in 1650, Portugal was forced to withdraw from the Gulf and gave up its monopoly on the Gulf coast. Subsequently, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom became rivals in this region. In 1766, the Dutch withdrew from the Gulf. Since then, British control of the Gulf has not been challenged by other European powers.



In 1820, the British and the chiefs of the seven emirates of the Gulf States signed a "permanent truce". The emirates agreed to "no piracy against British ships" and allowed a British squadron to be stationed in Ras Al Khaimah. The several emirates that signed the treaty were named "Truceil Truce Seven Nations." The second treaty was the "Maritime Permanent Peace Treaty" signed in 1853, signed between the British stationed officers in the Gulf and all the chiefs still known as the pirate coast at the time. The British Indian government oversees the implementation of the treaty, and the UK does not intervene in disputes between the emirates. In 1892, the United Kingdom and the "Truceil Armistice Seven Countries" signed the so-called "exclusive rights agreement", which stipulated that "there should not be associated with any other country unless through the British government." The British government is responsible for the foreign affairs of the Trusir countries, but does not have sovereignty over any emirate. The British Foreign Office appoints permanent supervisors in Bahrain and has political representatives in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Bahrain and Qatar.



Through these three treaties, the United Kingdom established the relationship with the seven truce truces of Trusill, that is, the Trusir countries became the "protectorate" of Britain.



In order to maintain maritime and land peace in the region and ensure that travellers can safely travel between the emirates, the British established the Trusil Oman Inspection Force in 1951, headquartered in Saying, and can operate within the emirates. In 1952, on the recommendation of the United Kingdom, the Trusir States established the Truce Commission (also known as the Council of Trussier States). The chiefs met twice a year and were chaired by the British political representatives. To discuss political and economic policies. Through this committee, Britain directly or indirectly manipulates the chiefs to achieve the goal of safeguarding the interests of Britain in the Gulf.

(3) Establish an independent nation



The series of actions taken by the United Kingdom were essentially to consolidate its own presence and interests in the Gulf region, but objectively played a role in promoting the road of Truthill ’s truce to the federation, leaving a basic foundation for the establishment of the UAE ’s nation-state Political structure. In early 1968, the British government announced that it would withdraw from the Gulf region by the end of 1971. As a result, the nine emirates in the Gulf, including Bahrain, Qatar, and Trusil, the seven truce countries, came up with the idea of   establishing a federation. In February 1968, the two emirates of Dubai and Abu Dhabi signed an agreement to establish an alliance. The agreement included the formation of an alliance consisting of two countries and a national flag. The affairs controlled by the alliance include diplomacy, security and national defense, health, education, nationality and immigration, the establishment of legal institutions, and the legislation of unified affairs entrusted by the alliance in the agreement. The matters not covered in the agreement are handled by the governments of all countries. The two chiefs of Dubai and Abu Dhabi decided to invite five other chiefs of the Truthir emirates to discuss this agreement and join the alliance. The two chiefs of Bahrain and Qatar were also invited to discuss issues and measures to unify the region. Subsequently, the chiefs of the above-mentioned nine emirates met in Dubai, and on February 27, 1968, they signed an agreement to establish the United Arab Emirates in Dubai. The agreement made on the promulgation of the Federal Constitution, the purpose of establishing the Federation and the rights of the Constitution. Regulations. After signing the Dubai Agreement, the Supreme Council held meetings in March, July and October of the same year. Some emirates believe that the power of the federal government should be limited to the federal diplomacy, defense, provision of basic health and education services. The rest of the power should be independently controlled by the relevant institutions and governments of the emirates. Bahrain believes that the federal government should be given a wide range of executive and legislative powers in order to accelerate the political, economic, social and cultural development of the people of the federal state and the region. Some emirates believe that basic matters including civil aviation, tariffs, foreign trade, and retention of membership of some international organizations should be independently decided by the emirates. These will limit the power of the federal central government.



In June and October 1970, two conferences of chiefs' representatives were held. After the failure of the Council of Chiefs and the Conference of Chiefs Delegates, they finally agreed to appoint a doctor to formulate the constitution. So far, the process of establishing a 9-nation federation advocated by the Dubai Agreement has stalled. In early 1971, the Saudi Arabia and Kuwait Conciliation Mission was established and began to mediate the differences between the emirates on the constitution. The adjustment mission visited the aforementioned emirates in early and mid-1971, and proposed a constitutional intermediate route, which was accepted only by some emirates. The reconciliation mission ended in failure. Later, a special representative of the British Foreign Office suggested that an interim constitution should be drawn up first, and then coordinated mediation of differences between the parties would fail. Although the various emirates coordinated, the chiefs did not agree on the constitution. The differences in the distribution ratio of the representatives of the Federal National Committee are concentrated on the distribution of the proportion of each emirate in the Federal National Committee. Most emirates believe that the principle of representation should be based on the principle of equal distribution, that is, each emirate occupies 4 seats. Bahrain proposes to allocate seats according to the size of the emirate ’s population. Although its population accounts for half of the total number of nine emirates, it does not require half of the seats of the Federal National Council, as long as the proportion of the number of emirates is distributed fairly. However, this principle was opposed by most emirates. They also opposed Bahrain ’s principle of directly electing members of the Federal National Committee from the people, insisting that the emirate ’s government appoint members of the national committee.



Regarding the location of the federal capital, most emirates believe that a permanent capital should be built on the land of the federal government between Dubai and Abu Dhabi, and a technical committee should be established to determine the most suitable location. Bahrain opposes the construction of a new capital. It believes that the construction of new capitals in the desert will increase the federal government's expenditure and waste people's time and money. Some cities within the Federation are suitable as permanent capitals, and it is recommended that Abu Dhabi be the temporary capital. The permanent capital is finally determined by the newly established Federal Government after study by the Technical Committee. Finally, all countries agreed to make Abu Dhabi the temporary capital.



Regarding the voting principles of the Supreme Council, the voting principles of the Federal Supreme Council stipulated in the agreement signed in Dubai in 1968 are very complicated. To release the resolution of the Supreme Council in a completely democratic way, only 8 votes are required. Bahrain suggested that the Supreme Council ’s resolution on local issues should be adopted by 2/3 of the emirates, and the resolution on implementation matters should be adopted by the vast majority of member states. But most emirates, especially small emirates, adhere to the principles of the Dubai Agreement.


On the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, there were many contradictions among the emirates. Eventually, Bahrain and Qatar withdrew from the Federation to gain independence. On December 2, 1971, six emirates, including Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Saying, Ajman, Umgevan and Fujairah, announced the establishment of the United Arab Emirates. Ras Al Khaimah did not join the Federation until February 10, 1972, and finally formed the federal pattern of the UAE today.