One of the four ancient civilizations"
The Gateway to the South Asian Subcontinent"
China's iron buddies"
(1) Human geography of Pakistan
Islamic Republic of Pakistan (English: Islamic Republic of Pakistan), referred to as Pakistan, meaning "holy land", "halal country". Is a multi-ethnic Islamic country, more than 95% of the residents believe in Islam. The national language is Urdu. Urdu belongs to the Indo-European family of Indian languages, and is mainly distributed in Pakistan and India. After the 8th century AD, Muslims entered the South Asian subcontinent, bringing Arabic, Persian and Turkic languages. These languages combined with the original languages of North India and gradually formed Urdu.
Pakistan is located in the northwestern part of the South Asian subcontinent, bordering the Arabian Sea to the south, India to the east, the People's Republic of China to the northeast, the border between Afghanistan and Afghanistan to the northwest, and Iran to the west. The land area is 796,000 square kilometers (excluding the 13,000 square kilometers in Pakistan-controlled Kashmir). Three-fifths of the whole area is mountainous and hilly terrain. After the Indus River from China flows from the north to the Pakistani border, it winds 2,300 kilometers to the south and is injected into the Arabian Sea. Pakistan ’s coastline is 980 kilometers long and has many famous good ports, such as Gwadar Port. The capital is Islamabad, and the former capital Karachi is the largest city in the country. Other major economic centers include Lahore, Faisalabad and Multan.
Most parts of Pakistan are in the subtropical zone, and a small part of the southern part has a tropical climate. The climate is generally hot and dry, and precipitation is relatively scarce. The area with an annual rainfall of less than 250 mm accounts for more than three-quarters of the total area of the country. Therefore, irrigation of the Indus River is very important for agricultural production and the national economy. The hottest season in Pakistan is June and July. At noon in most areas, the temperature exceeds 40 ° C. In some areas of Sindh and Balochistan, the highest temperature can reach above 50 ° C. The coldest season is from December to February. Northern mountainous areas with an altitude of more than 2 kilometers are relatively cool, and the temperature difference is relatively large.
Pakistan ’s geographical location is very important. It has always been an important channel and strategic hub connecting the Indian subcontinent with Central Asia and West Asia, facing an important busy Indian Ocean channel.
With a population of about 190 million, Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world. The rural population accounts for about 63% of the total population, and women account for 48.5% of the total population. Pakistan's population has grown rapidly, with an annual growth rate of 1.92%. The largest city Karachi has a population of 21 million, the second largest city Lahore has a population of 10 million, and the capital Islamabad has 1.5 million. There are nearly 8,000 overseas Chinese in Pakistan, mainly concentrated in Punjab and Sindh, which are more developed economies.
(2) The political situation of Pakistan
Pakistan was originally part of British India. On August 14, 1947, the United Kingdom implemented the Indian-Pakistani divide, and Pakistan became an autonomous province of the British Commonwealth. On March 23, 1956, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was formally established.
Although Pakistan was founded in a short time, it has a long history and culture. As early as 5000 years ago, the splendid Indus civilization was born here. Historically, Pakistan and India have close ties and have repeatedly been under the jurisdiction of the same country, and have since been reduced to British colonies. In 1947, India and Pakistan were divided and separated from the British colonial rule and became independent. Since then, conflicts have continued. In 1971, due to the sharp domestic conflicts and the intervention of India, Pakistan was split and East Pakistan became independent of Bangladesh.
Pakistan is a developing country with rapid economic growth. It is also a member of the World Trade Organization, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, the Group of 77, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Commonwealth.
The Pakistani legal system is sound. As a British colony in history, it was deeply influenced by it. It inherited the Western legal system in the constitution and legal system, and at the same time joined the Muslim religious concept and the achievements of modern legal civilization. In terms of economic development, Pakistan has a sound legal system in fiscal taxation, trade promotion, foreign investment management, resource development, and labor protection.
Since its founding in 1947, Pakistani government agencies have continued to adjust and reform while following the original Anglo-Indian government structure.
Pakistan adopts a federal system, and the federal government is the highest administrative organ. The Federal Cabinet consists of the Prime Minister, Ministers and Ministers of State. In May 2013, Nawaz Sharif led the Muslim League (Sharif) to win the election, was sworn in early in June, and became the prime minister of Pakistan for the third time.
Each ministry has senior positions such as federal minister, minister of state, permanent secretary and assistant secretary. The federal ministers and ministers of state of all ministries and commissions are politically appointed, and the actual person in charge of daily affairs is the secretary (equivalent to the deputy minister).
Affected by many factors such as politics, economy, and ethnicity, the relationship between the Federation and the province is very complicated. The Constitution stipulates that the central and provincial government officials form a common interest committee and the National Economic Commission to coordinate the relationship between the federal and the provinces and regions. In July 2011, the Central Government of Pakistan granted provincial autonomy in accordance with the 18th Amendment to the Constitution, delegating the powers of 17 ministries and commissions to the provincial government. The provincial government is under the leadership of the federal government, but the constitution provides for provincial autonomy. Provincial parliaments may legislate for the province, but their legislation must comply with federal legislation.
Parliament is the legislative body of Pakistan. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1947, the one-chamber system was implemented for a long time. After the constitution was promulgated in 1973, the two-chamber system was implemented, consisting of the National Assembly (lower house) and the Senate (upper house). The National Assembly is elected by universal suffrage, and the Senate is selected by the Provincial Assembly and the National Assembly based on the principle of equal seats in each province. There are 342 seats in the National Assembly, of which 332 seats are Muslim seats, and 10 seats are special seats for minority denominations, which are directly elected by Muslim and minority sect voters. The National Assembly has a speaker and a deputy speaker, each with a five-year term. There are 100 seats in the Senate, and the term of office of the members is 6 years, and half of them will be retired every 3 years. There are 1 chairman and deputy chairman each with a term of 3 years.
In recent years, the trend of democratization of the Pakistani regime has become stronger, and the military has gradually retreated from the national political stage to the background. In May 2013, Pakistan held national assembly elections. The Muslim League led by Nawaz Sharif (Sharif sent 191 seats out of 342 in the National Assembly and became the largest party in the National Assembly. The general election in May 2013 further consolidated Pakistan ’s political stabilization trend. This is Pakistan The first general election in history without military, religious, judicial and foreign direct intervention was also the first time since the founding of Pakistan that the political power was successfully transferred between the elected governments. In March 2015, Pakistan held the re-election of the Senate and the ruling party Mu Meng ( Xie Pai) won 18 of the 48 seats in this election. The People ’s Party leader Rabbani was elected chairman of the Senate.
(1) Human geography of Pakistan
(2) The political situation of Pakistan
Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif
(3) Pakistani culture and customs
1. Nationalities
Pakistan is a multi-ethnic country, with Punjabi accounting for 63%, Sindhi accounting for 18%, Pashtun accounting for 11%, and Baluchistan accounting for 4%. According to the "two nations theory" of Pakistan's founder Jinnah, Pakistan has only one nation, the Muslim nation. Non-Muslims and other Pakistanis, such as Hindus and Christians, are called "minorities".
Pakistan's founding father-Jinnah
Pakistan's Founding Father-Jinnah Bronze
There are many tribes in Pakistan, mainly distributed in the Khyber Pashtun province near the border with Afghanistan, most of them are Pashtuns. Tribal areas do not implement Pakistani laws, and tribal affairs are determined by the tribes in accordance with traditional customs and methods. The chief of the tribe is called the elder and implements the hereditary system. Elders have high prestige, not only have great power within the tribe, but can also exert influence on the government and the judiciary. Each tribe has its own armed forces and is responsible for maintaining the security of the tribe. The tribal area has representative seats in the Federal National Assembly and the Senate of Pakistan, and is generally elected members of the elders of the larger tribes.
2. Language
The Constitution of Pakistan stipulates that Urdu is the national language and English is the official language. Urdu is spoken throughout the country, and English is widely used in higher education, technology, business, justice, and diplomacy. The main national languages are: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and Baloch.
3. Religion
According to the Constitution, Pakistan ’s state religion is Islam, and Islam accounts for 95% of the country ’s total population. Among them, the Sunnis claim to be "orthodox", accounting for 80% of the country's Muslims. In addition, there are Hinduism, Christianity, etc., but only account for 5% of the national population. Pakistani Muslims have particularly strong worship customs. The believers have to pray 5 times a day, and they must bathe before the worship (divide into big net and small net).
Historically, Pakistan used to be a country dominated by Hindu beliefs. Until Islam entered the Indus Valley. Over time, the west side of the Indus became an area with an absolute majority of Muslims. However, in Punjab and Sindh, although Muslims are the majority, they still maintain a very diverse color. The development of Sikhism in central Punjab and the re-emergence of Christianity brought by missionaries during the colonial period further increased Punjab's religious diversity.
Sikhs (Sikhs advocate force, so they often wear swords)
4. Customs
Pakistan is a conservative Islamic country. Foreigners must abide by the customs of Muslim countries. When you meet, you must first say "Aslam Alegum", which means "Blessed by Allah"; Islam is prohibited and foreigners in Pakistan are not allowed to drink alcohol in public places; Muslims do not eat pork, animal blood and self Dead animal. It is strictly forbidden to bring all kinds of alcohol, pork and pork products and other articles that violate Islamic teachings into the country. Many traditional foods are eaten by hand, but only with the right hand.
Muslims pay special attention to the difference between men and women. Young men and women do not interact with each other in public places. Therefore, men do not take the initiative to shake hands when they see women. Men only shake hands with women when they reach out; they can usually shake hands when they meet, and even between close friends. Can be embraced; in Pakistan, men and women are strictly forbidden to hug or kiss in public, believing that kissing in public is a crime, and must be fined and imprisoned for a week; women are strictly prohibited from wearing over-exposed and over-exposed clothing when they are on the street, and prohibit others from being women or women. Taking pictures, otherwise it will be considered as a crime of sensuality.
In Pakistan, yellow can cause disgust in the religious world and certain political forces, because the robes (dresses) worn by Brahman monks are yellow. Residents generally regard black as negative, and green, white, silver, gold and bright colors are very popular among the local people. In Pakistan, the numbers considered to be ominous are "13" and "420".
