Mountbatten joined the army in 1913 and was an aide to the Prince of Wales. From 1927 to 1933, he was engaged in radio communication work. In 1942, he served as commander of the Allied Joint Operations, commanding the British navy to attack the German navy stationed in French and Norwegian ports. Since 1943, he has served as the commander-in-chief of the Allied Forces in the Southeast Asia Theater, coordinating the actions of Stilwell, Slim, and Wingate. In 1947, he served as Governor of India and put forward the " Mountbatten Plan " to divide India and Pakistan. From 1952 to 1954, he served as commander-in-chief of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Mediterranean Fleet. In 1955, he served as Chief of Staff of the British Navy. He was promoted to marshal in 1956. In 1959, he served as the Chief of Staff of the National Defense and Chairman of the Committee of Chiefs of Staff. Retired in 1965.
Mountbatten was assassinated in 1979 at the age of 79.
Foreign name
Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten
Alias
Earl of Mountbatten
Country of Citizenship
U.K
date of birth
Date of death
1979 ( Kang Xi Year) August 27
graduated school
Osborne Royal Naval School, Portsmouth Communication School, Dartmouth Royal Naval Academy
Major achievements
Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian magnitude
Knights of St. John Knights
of the Garter
Order of Merit
Bath Grand Class Grand Cross of the Legion
place of birth
Windsor, United Kingdom
Belief
Anglican
Early career
On June 25, 1900, Louis Mountbatten was born in Windsor, England.
In 1913, 13-year-old Mountbatten entered the Osborne Naval School on the Isle of Wight and became a junior cadet.
At the end of 1914, he was transferred to the Dartmouth Naval Academy.
In July 1916, he graduated with the top score of 80 people and was assigned to the battle cruiser Lion of Admiral Betty, the flagship of the cruiser fleet.
In 1917, Louis Mountbatten changed his surname from Battenberg to Mountbatten along with his father and gave up the status of Prince of Hesse and the title of His Royal Highness.
At the beginning of 1918, Mountbatten was transferred to service on the K-6 submarine, but after only two months he was transferred to the P-31 patrol boat as a second lieutenant, conducting anti-submarine security in the English Channel, and escorted to France Of the troop carrier.
On January 15, 1919, Mountbatten was promoted to a lieutenant in the navy and temporarily retired from the navy in October to study international politics at the Christian College of Cambridge University.
In March 1920, Mountbatten was ordered to return to the navy and report to the battle-cruiser Prestige, and then accompanied the Prince of Wales, the Duke of York, and the Duke of Gloucester to visit Australia.
In 1921, Mountbatten was promoted to captain of the navy, and he went to sea with the Prince of Wales on the battle-cruiser Counterattack for eight months, visiting India, Malaya, Hong Kong, and Japan.
In January 1923, Mountbatten reported to the battleship Vengeance of the Mediterranean Fleet and went to the Turkish coast to monitor the progress of the Greek-Turkish war.
In 1924 Mountbatten went to Portsmouth Royal Naval Communication School to study distance communication courses. In the following two years, he completed advanced electronics theory at the Royal Naval Academy in Greenwich, and then served on the Centurion battleship for half a year.
In January 1927, he was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet and served as the assistant radio communications officer of the fleet commander, and was promoted to lieutenant commander.
In August 1931, Mountbatten became the radio liaison officer of the Mediterranean Fleet and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in December.
In 1934, Mountbatten was appointed as the captain of the newly built destroyer HMS Daring, and a year later he was transferred to the captain of the old destroyer HMS Wishart built during the war.
In 1936, Mountbatten was transferred to the Navy Department, responsible for naval aviation affairs. As the head of the Royal Navy during his tenure, he competed with the Royal Air Force for control of naval aviation. In early 1936, Mountbatten was appointed by Edward VIII as a private adjutant of the navy. After Edward VIII abdicated, he served as adjutant to George VI of the navy and was promoted to captain of the navy.
In early 1939, Mountbatten was appointed as the captain of the newly built destroyer HMS Kelly (F-01).
During World War II
On August 23, 1939, the "Kelly" entered active service. On September 3, Britain declared war on Germany, and World War II broke out. "Kelly" was ordered by Churchill to go to France to take the Duke of Windsor and his wife back to England.
In October 1939, the "Kelly" was ordered northward to the Norwegian waters to provide escort for the HN and ON transport fleets between Britain and Norway. During this period, Mountbatten invented the navy camouflage called "Mountbatten Pink".
On March 9, 1940, in the ON-17 convoy from Scotland to Bergen, the "Kelly" and the destroyer "Gurkha" in the HN-17 convoy heading south were in heavy snow on the coast of Norway. There was a collision. The two ships were not seriously damaged, and each drove to the original destination. During inspections in the dock, it was discovered that the propeller guard at the stern of the "Gurkha" poked a hole in the bow of the "Kelly". The British Admiralty interrogated the collision, but the captains of the two ships were not punished due to the bad sea conditions at the time.
On May 9, 1940, Mountbatten led the Fifth Destroyer Squadron to patrol the English waters and received a report from the patrol aircraft stating that a German mine-laying fleet was found. After hearing the news, Mountbatten sent the "Kelly", "HMS Kandahar" and "HMS Bulldog" destroyers to search for enemy ships. At 23:45 that evening, the German Navy S-31 torpedo boat fired two torpedoes at the Kelly, wounding it. During the overhaul of the Kelly, Mountbatten transferred its flagship to the destroyer HMS Javelin (F61) to command the Fifth Destroyer Squadron. In November, there was a battle with the German Navy. Mountbatten was blamed for this, and the German ship suffered no losses.
In April 1941, the Fifth Destroyer Squadron was transferred to the Mediterranean. During the Battle of Crete in May, the "Kelly" was bombed by a large number of German aircraft on the morning of May 23 and was eventually sunk. 128 crew members were killed and 38 people, including Mountbatten, survived. After the sinking of the "Kelly", Mountbatten was ordered to go to the United States and became the captain of the "Glorious" aircraft carrier. The ship was undergoing major repairs in the United States at the time.
In October 1941, Mountbatten was recalled by Churchill to the United Kingdom and was designated as the leader of the "Joint Operations Command", responsible for formulating the plan for a joint amphibious landing operation. Mountbatten was promoted to brigadier general and was awarded the rank of lieutenant general of the navy, land, and air forces in 1942. Mountbatten's responsibilities include acting as a technical consultant for joint operations; in charge of training plans and establishing training schools; researching various joint operations tactics, from small-scale raids to large-scale amphibious operations; guiding and supervising the development and development of technical equipment required for joint operations.
After Mountbatten became the commander of joint operations, he launched a series of surprise attacks on German targets, including the destruction of the heavy water factory in Wausau, Norway with paratroopers in October 1941; the attack on German radar stations along the French coast in February 1942; March 1942 The assault on the French port of Saint-Nazaire under the German occupation; and the landing of British and South African troops at the port of Diego-Suarez in May of the same year, which carried out a "preventive occupation" on the island of Madagascar under the rule of Vichy France.
After the Soviet-German war broke out on June 22, 1941, and after the United States entered the war, Stalin kept asking Britain and the United States to open up a "second battlefield" on the Western European continent. In order to verify the landing tactics and at the same time to show the Soviet Union that the allies did not have the strength to open up a land battlefield, Churchill instructed the Joint Operations Command to try to conduct a large-scale amphibious landing raid in northern France. The assault plan was drafted in May 1942. The operation code at the time was called "Operation Rutter" (Operation Rutter), which was later changed to "Operation Jubilee". The location of the raid was chosen in northern France. Die.
At 10 o'clock in the morning on August 18, 1942, Mountbatten ordered the start of the landing operation. Due to intelligence leaks and insufficient preparations, the landing troops were defeated by the Germans shortly after landing on August 19.
After the failure of the Dieppe raid in 1943, in order to cover up the Allied landing attempt on Sicily, the British Naval Intelligence Service launched a deception code-named "meat", inducing Hitler to believe that the next goal of the Allied forces was to occupy Sardinia. Island and Greece. Mountbatten cooperated with the operations of the Naval Intelligence Service and personally wrote the letters needed for the deception. After the successful landing in Sicily, Mountbatten and Churchill went to Quebec, Canada, to participate in the "Quarter" meeting of the leaders of the United States and Britain. At this meeting, he was appointed as the Supreme Commander of the Allied Southeast Asia Theater (SEAC) to coordinate this theater. In the joint operations of the navy, land, and air force, the rank was promoted to admiral.
On October 6, 1943, Mountbatten arrived in New Delhi and formally took the post of supreme commander of the Southeast Asia Theater, coordinating and commanding various battles in the China-Myanmar-India battlefield. Under his command, the Allied forces defeated the Japanese offensives in the Battle of Rakhine, Battle of Imphal, and the Battle of Kohima, and launched a counterattack in Burma in early 1945. Burma became the Allied Forces except for the Philippines before Japan announced its surrender. The only colony "recovered".
On September 12, 1945, Mountbatten held the official surrender ceremony in the Allied Southeast Asia Theater at the Singapore City Hall.
After the war, Mountbatten's military ranks changed from the admiral and lieutenant admiral of the Army and Air Force to Rear Admiral.
On January 2, 1946, he was appointed Commander of the First Cruiser Fleet of the Mediterranean Fleet.
On August 23, 1946, in order to reward Mountbatten for his merits throughout the war, especially for defeating the Japanese army in Myanmar as the commander-in-chief of the Allied Southeast Asian Theater, he was named Viscount Mountbatten of Myanmar by King George VI of England.
On October 28, 1947, the Earl of Mountbatten and the Baron Romsey of Burma were added.
Governor of India
On December 18, 1946, the British cabinet decided that Mountbatten was appointed as the last Viceroy and Governor-General of India.
On March 22, 1947, Mountbatten and his wife arrived in New Delhi and took the throne on March 24.
After the end of World War II, due to the outbreak of communist revolutions or anti-Western national independence movements in China, North Korea, Vietnam, Indonesia, and other Far Eastern countries and colonies, the British Labor Cabinet, which was determined to grant India independence as soon as possible, took a number of preparations and accelerated it. In the process of India’s independence, the first step is to promote India’s constitutional reforms and disperse more power to the Indians (Hindus and Muslims). The second step is to announce that the British government will no longer play a role in determining India's future, and will only play a role in coordinating and maintaining Indian law and order. Gandhi and the leaders of the Indian Congress Party Nehru and Patel all hope to establish a unified Indian state. Mountbatten also agrees with the establishment of a unified Indian state in order to foster the establishment of a pro-Western Asian power to counter the communists in East and Southeast Asia. The wave of revolution. Jinnah, the leader of the All India Muslim League, hopes to establish a separate state of Pakistan and threatens to launch a civil war. On April 10, 1947, the negotiations finally broke down. In order to avoid the outbreak of civil war, Mountbatten began to formulate the India-Pakistan partition plan, the " Mountbatten plan ", on the premise that the Indian National Congress agreed to divide and rule. On May 13, Mountbatten sent the preparedness plan to the interim cabinet of India for discussion. At 7 pm on June 3, Mountbatten delivered a speech on All India Radio, expounding the British government’s consistent post-war policy towards India and the differences between the Congress Party and the Muslim League, and then read out the "Mountbatten Plan" in full. "Content.
After deciding on the partition of India and Pakistan, Mountbatten carried out a lot of persuasion work on the 565 semi-independent states of India at that time, persuading them to join India (the Congress Party only allowed 6 states to join Pakistan) instead of choosing independence. After persuasion, the vast majority of the Turkish states have signed a merger agreement with India, and only the two Turkish states of Hyderabad and Kashmir hope to maintain their independent status. After Hyderabad was occupied by India in 1949, Kashmir was divided between India and Pakistan.
On August 14, 1947, Mountbatten presided over the independence ceremony of Pakistan in Karachi and then hosted the independence ceremony of India in New Delhi on August 15. After the former British Indian Empire became the Dominion of India, Mountbatten's title of “Deputy King” was also canceled, but he was hired by India as the first governor after independence (the Governor of the Dominion of Pakistan was held by Jinnah).
Chief of defense staff
On June 20, 1948, Mountbatten resigned from the post of Governor of India, returned to Britain, and resumed his post as Commander of the First Cruiser Fleet of the Mediterranean Fleet.
In June 1950, Mountbatten, who had been promoted to lieutenant admiral, was transferred from the Mediterranean Fleet and became the Fourth Minister of Maritime Affairs, responsible for the Royal Navy's supplies, salaries, and logistics.
In May 1952, Mountbatten was appointed commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean Fleet.
From March 21, 1955, to 1959, Mountbatten served as the First Secretary of the Royal Navy.
In 1956, he was promoted to Marshal of the Navy.
On May 22, 1959, Macmillan appointed Marshal Mountbatten as the Chief of Staff and Chairman of the Committee of Chiefs of Staff, becoming the highest full-time commander of the British armed forces.
elderly life
On June 30, 1965, Mountbatten retired from the post of Chief of Defense Staff. He retired and lived in Broadlands in Romsey, Hampshire, in southern England. Since Mountbatten has many relatives in the European royal family and many old friends in the Commonwealth and the American military, he often became the unofficial special envoy of the United Kingdom after his retirement, visited foreign countries and participated in diplomatic activities, such as attending the Swedish King Gustav in 1973 State funeral of the VI, visit to China in 1974, attend the coronation ceremony of King Birendra of Nepal in 1975 and so on.
On November 11, 1965, the white prime minister Ian Smith of the Dominion of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) declared unilateral independence and established a white minority regime. Mountbatten was sent to Rhodesia as a special envoy of the British government to establish a boycott with Governor Humphrey Gibbs, who opposed unilateral independence. If possible, the Mountbatten mission would unite the Rhodesian army loyal to Britain. High-ranking military officers launched a military coup to overthrow the racist government. Although Mountbatten agreed, he questioned its feasibility. On November 26, the Governor of Rhodesia was placed under house arrest, and British aircraft were forbidden to land, cutting off all ties with the United Kingdom. The "Mountbatten Mission" project ended without a problem.
In January 1966, represented the Queen of England at the funeral of Indian Prime Minister Shastri.
In 1968, Mountbatten was involved in rumors of a coup in the UK. On May 5th, his friend Hugh Cudlipp invited the British media giant, MI5’s secret agent Cecil King (Baron Cecil King), and the chief scientific adviser of the British government, Zuckerman Broadlands Manor, to discuss how to revitalize the national spirit. King told Mountbatten that in the British Ministry of Defense, the three services, and the intelligence services, a right-wing officer group has formed against the Labour government. If Mountbatten agrees to come forward as the supreme leader, they will mobilize the young and strong officers group of the Ministry of Defense and Sanges. Cadets from the special military academy launched a surprise attack in London, sent machine guns to block the roads and imposed martial law, arrested Prime Minister Wilson and other important members of the Labor Party, and submitted them to the military court for the trial of "treason." Lord Mountbatten, with his high reputation among the army and the people, will become the supreme dictator of the "Government of national salvation." Although Mountbatten refused to participate in the coup d'etat, the incident was later disclosed by the parties, causing public outcry.
In October 1970, he published an article in Time magazine, opposing the manufacture and deployment of tactical nuclear weapons.
In September 1973, representing the Queen of England at the funeral of King Gustav of Sweden.
In 1974, he visited China.
In 1975, he visited the Soviet Union.
On August 27, 1979, he was killed by a bomb placed by the Irish Republican Army on the cruise ship "Shadow V". He is 79 years old.
Mountbatten participated in the filming of the documentary "The Times and Life of the Earl of Mountbatten," in his later years. As the most seasoned government official in the illustrious family, he is additionally the profound coach of Prince Philip and Prince Charles, and he and Prince Charles call one another "my honorary grandfather" and "my honorary grandson."
Assassinate
After retiring, Mountbatten loved to spend a holiday in Mullaghmore in County Sligo, Ireland. Because the area is located on the border between Ireland and Northern Ireland, it is often used as a hiding place for the Irish Republican Army. Therefore, the Irish Peace Guard (National Police) has issued several warnings to Mountbatten, saying that he might be murdered. Button didn't pay attention.
On August 27, 1979, Mountbatten and his family boarded the "Phantom V" yacht to catch shrimps at the small marina in Palermo. A member of the Irish Republican Army, Thomas McMahon, installed a 50-pound (23 kg) bomb while the ship was unattended. Later, when the Mountbatten family boarded the ship, McMahon detonated the bomb on the ship. Mountbatten's legs were nearly broken. Although he was quickly rescued by nearby fishermen, he died of serious injuries before he went ashore. He was 79 years old. Also killed on the ship were Nicholas Natchbull, one of his 14-year-old twin grandsons, his son-in-law’s mother, Lady Braborn, and the 15-year-old Irishman Paul Maxwell on board. Both the legs of Patricia and her husband, the eldest daughter of Mountbatten, were blown off, but both survived. The Irish Republican Army quickly expressed responsibility for the incident and declared that Mountbatten was executed "to attract the attention of the British people to the continued occupation of Northern Ireland by the British government." The Sinn Fein Party’s deputy leader Gary Adams said that the murder of Mountbatten by the Irish Republican Army "is precisely what Mountbatten has done to others all his life."
On the day of the assassination of Mountbatten, the Irish Republican Army also launched a large-scale attack on the British Army marching at Warren Point in Down County, Northern Ireland. A total of 18 British soldiers were killed, including 16 paratroopers and a British lieutenant colonel. , And 6 people were seriously injured. This attack was called the Warren Point attack, and it was the worst casualty in the Northern Ireland conflict.
On September 5, 1979, the state funeral of Lord Mountbatten was held at Westminster Abbey. This is the largest state funeral in the UK after Churchill's death in 1965. In addition to all members of the British royal family, the monarchs of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Spain, Monaco, Bulgaria, Romania, and Italy attended the funeral. The former kings of the defeated European countries and Greece, as well as the monarchs, presidential envoys, or government representatives of the United States, France, India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Nepal, the Philippines, Yugoslavia, and other countries. In accordance with Mountbatten’s wishes specifically stated during his lifetime, the Japanese were not invited to attend the funeral. After the state funeral ceremony, Mountbatten's coffin was transported back to Romsey and buried in the tomb of Romsey Abbey.
McMahon, the assassin of Mountbatten, was charged with murder at the end of 1979 but was released in 1998 under the regulations of the Belfast Agreement. He still lives in Ireland and has not apologized for Mountbatten's death table, only expressing regret for the death of two teenagers.
family
Louis Mountbatten was brought into the world on June 25, 1900, in Windsor, Britain. He is the second child of Sovereign Louis Mountbatten, Marquis of Milford Asylum, England's First Sea Clergyman, and his mom is Princess Victoria of the Terrific Duchy of Hesse-Rhine.
Louis Mountbatten's incredible granddad was Dewich II of the Hesse-Rhine Roadway, and his granddad was Sovereign Alexander Battenberg. The incredible granddad is Sovereign Carl, the child of Ludwig II. The granddad is the cousin of Sovereign Alexander Battenberg and Fantastic Duke Ludwig III of Hesse-Rhine. The maternal grandma is Princess Alice, the second little girl of Sovereign Victoria.
Louis Mountbatten’s aunt Alexis later became the Queen of Russia, and his uncle Alexander served as the Grand Duke of Bulgaria from 1879 to 1886. Another uncle Henry married Beatrix, the young daughter of Queen Victoria. His daughter Victoria Eugenia was married to King Alfonso XIII of Spain and was the grandmother of King Juan Carlos I of Spain. Through the marriage between the Hessian royal family, the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha family, the Danish-Greek royal family and other royal families, Mountbatten was established in Britain, Denmark, Greece, Russia, Germany, Belgium, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Romania, Portugal, and Spain. There are relatives in the royal families of Germany, Sweden, and Hesse-Rhein, Mecklenburg, and other German princes. In addition, as a direct descendant of Queen Victoria, Louis Mountbatten was also one of the presumed heirs to the British throne at birth. His succession is in the order of Edward VII’s young daughter Princess Maud (later Queen of Norway) and Kaiser Wilhelm. After the second, but before the three young daughters of Queen Victoria and their descendants.
Louis Mountbatten has one brother and two sisters. The eldest sister Alice is married to Prince Andrew of Greece and is the mother of Prince Philip. The eldest brother George is the second Marquis of Milford Haven, and the second sister Louise is married to Sweden. King Gustav VI.
On July 18, 1922, they married Edwina Ashley, the granddaughter of a wealthy Jewish businessman, at Westminster Abbey in London. The two have two daughters. The eldest daughter, Patricia, was born in 1924, married to the seventh Baron of Braborn, John Natchbull, and had 6 sons and two daughters. The second daughter, Amanda, was seen As one of the future princesses of Prince Charles. After Mountbatten was assassinated, Patricia inherited the title of Burmese Earl. The second daughter, Pamela, was born in 1929. She married David Hicks and had one son and one daughter.
Titles and medals
1937: Knight Terrific Cross of the Illustrious Victorian Request – GCVO (1920: MVO, 1922: KCVO)
1941: Recognized Help Request DSO
1943: Knight of Equity of St John – KJStJ
1946: Knight of the Tie KG
1947: Knight Terrific Authority of the Star of India – GCSI
1947: Knight Terrific Authority of the Indian Domain GCIE
1955: Knight Terrific Cross of the Shower – GCB (1943: CB, 1945: KCB)
1956: Thousand Administrator of the Request for Thiri Thudhamma (Burma)
1965: Individual from the Request for Legitimacy OM
Main achievements
The Mountbatten plan is the “India-Pakistan partition” plan. It was named after the proposal of the last British Governor-General in India, Louis Mountbatten, in June 1947. After the Second World War, British imperialism, under the strong pressure of the Indian National Liberation Movement, put forward the plan of "divide and rule".
According to the residents’ religious beliefs, British India is divided into two autonomous regions, the Federation of India and Pakistan, which establish autonomous governments respectively; Pakistan is composed of East Pakistan and West Pakistan; the princely states enjoy independent status after the “transfer of power” and can negotiate to join India. Any dominion of Pakistan. This plan was accepted by the major political parties of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. On August 15, 1947, Britain handed over its power in India to the Indian National Congress and the Pakistan Muslim League. The English pioneer rule in India reached a conclusion. England's monetary advantages in India were fundamentally unaffected, and the substance of the Indian Autonomy Law has shaped a few questions among India and Pakistan, the most genuine of which is the Kashmir issue, which made ready for the drawn-out struggle among India and Pakistan later on.
In March 1942, the British government sent the Minister of the Seal and the leader of the House of Commons, Cripps to India, promising to grant India the status of dominion after the war. After Cripps arrived in India, he proposed the British proposal for India, which is also known as the "Cripps Proposal." The content is: After consultations between the UK and India, they decided to publish a proposal for India to establish an autonomous government in the shortest period of time. The content of the proposal is to establish a new Indian Confederation and make it a dominion. Its status is equal to that of the United Kingdom and other dominant countries. It is not affiliated with other countries in terms of internal affairs and diplomacy. However, the plan also proposes that the British Indian states have the right not to join the newly established Indian Federation, which makes it possible to establish two or even more political entities on the original land of India, thereby splitting India. Open the door of convenience. It also means that proposed East Pakistan -Bangladesh may be an independent state. The "Cripps Proposal" became the prototype of the later "Mountbatten Proposal."
According to the "Mountbatten Plan", the areas with the majority of Hindus belong to India, and the areas with the majority of Muslims belong to Pakistan. However, the question of the ownership of Kashmir stipulates that the princes and clan states themselves decide to join India or Pakistan or maintain their independence. At that time, 77% of the population in Kashmir were Muslims, and they preferred to join Pakistan; the king of the Kashmir Tubang was a Hindu. He did not want to join India or Pakistan at first, but finally, he preferred to join India. Therefore, during the partition of India and Pakistan, the issue of Kashmir's ownership could not be resolved. Soon after the partition of India and Pakistan, the two sides fought for the sovereignty of Kashmir in October 1947 in a large-scale armed conflict in the Kashmir region, that is, the first India-Pakistan war. In December 1947, India presented the Kashmir issue to the UN Security Chamber.
In August 1948 and January 1949, the UN India-Pakistan Commission successively passed resolutions on the ceasefire and referendum in Kashmir, and both India and Pakistan accepted.
Kashmir is divided into India-controlled areas and Pakistan-controlled areas. India and Pakistan have established local governments in their respective controlled areas.
In August 1953, after the talks between the prime ministers of India and Pakistan, they issued a joint communiqué announcing that the Kashmir dispute should be resolved through a Kashmir referendum. However, in June 1965, India and Pakistan broke out a second war over the Kashmir issue. In December 1971, during the Third Indo-Pakistani War that broke out when East Pakistan separated from Pakistan, India again occupied part of the Pakistan-controlled Kashmir area.
In July 1972, India and Pakistan consented to the " Simla Arrangement. The different sides consented to regard the line of genuine control framed after the truce in 1971 in the Kashmir district.
In order to resolve the Kashmir issue, leaders and ministerial officials of India and Pakistan have held several talks, but they have not been able to reach an agreement. After 1989, the two sides continued to exchange fires in the Kashmir region, and both countries suffered huge losses. On November 23, 2003, Pakistani Prime Minister Jamali announced that the Pakistani army will start a Muslim’s important holiday Eid al-Fitr (26th), and achieve a unilateral ceasefire on the Pakistani side of the line of genuine control of India and Pakistan in Kashmir. On the 24th, India welcomed this proposal and responded positively on the 25th. After consultations on the 25th, the two militaries decided to implement a ceasefire in Kashmir's "international border", "line of actual control" and "line of actual contact with Siachen" (called the "line of actual ground position" by India) from midnight that day. . Both sides also expressed their hope that the ceasefire will last forever.
On January 7, 2004, on the Chenab River, 30 kilometers northwest of Jammu City in Indian-controlled Kashmir, close to the India-Pakistan Line of Actual Control, a member of the “Voice of Indian Youth” dropped candy in the river. I hope that this box will drift downstream to Pakistan and bring their good wishes to support the dialogue and reconciliation between India and Pakistan to the Pakistani people.
On April 7, 2005, transports brimming with travelers withdrew from the Indian-controlled region and Pakistan-controlled space of Kashmir in two ways. This was the main opening to traffic among India and Pakistan in Kashmir in the previous 60 years. New part.
From the morning of October 29 to the early morning of October 30, 2005, after a significant stretch of exchanges, Pakistan and India agreed in Islamabad, consenting to briefly open 5 designated spots on the Kashmir genuine control line to permit inhabitants on the two sides to together do post-tremor salvage activity.
, British Admiral, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces in Southeast Asia, and the last governor of British India){kind=link}