1.Overview of Pakistan.
2.History of Pakistan.
3.Pakistan's economy.
4.Diplomatic relations.
5.Economic and trade.
6.Pakistan belt roads.
7.Oldest civilization.
8.Political situation.
9.industory.
10.Agriculture.

10 Amazing facts.

1. The world’s 26th largest economy.
2. The world’s seventh-largest standing force.
3. Fourth smartest people within the world.
4. Top anthem tune of the planet.
5. Miraculous, breath-taking beauty.
6. The second-largest salt mines.
7. The world’s largest ambulance network.
8. Exceptional infrastructure.
9. The world’s largest manmade forest.
10. Asia’s largest aviary and therefore the place where time stops

        One of the four ancient civilizations"

The Gateway to the South Asian Subcontinent"

China's iron buddies"

(1) Human geography of Pakistan

Islamic Republic of Pakistan (English: Islamic Republic of Pakistan), referred to as Pakistan, meaning "holy land", "halal country". It is a multi-ethnic Islamic country, more than 95% of the residents believe in Islam. The national language is Urdu. Urdu belongs to the Indo-European family of Indian languages, and is mainly distributed in Pakistan and India. After the 8th century AD, Muslims entered the South Asian subcontinent, bringing Arabic, Persian and Turkic languages. These languages ​​combined with the original languages ​​of North India and gradually formed Urdu.

Pakistan is located in the northwestern part of the South Asian subcontinent, bordering the Arabian Sea to the south, India to the east, the People's Republic of China to the northeast, the border between Afghanistan and Afghanistan to the northwest, and Iran to the west. The land area is 796,000 square kilometers (excluding the 13,000 square kilometers in Pakistan-controlled Kashmir). Three-fifths of the whole area is mountainous and hilly terrain. After the Indus River from China flows from the north to the Pakistani border, it winds 2,300 kilometers to the south and is injected into the Arabian Sea. Pakistan ’s coastline is 980 kilometers long and has many famous good ports, such as Gwadar Port. The capital is Islamabad, and the former capital Karachi is the largest city in the country. Other major economic centers include Lahore, Faisalabad and Multan.

Most parts of Pakistan are in the subtropical zone, and a small part of the southern part has a tropical climate. The climate is generally hot and dry, and precipitation is relatively scarce. The area with an annual rainfall of less than 250 mm accounts for more than three-quarters of the total area of ​​the country. Therefore, irrigation of the Indus River is very important for agricultural production and the national economy. The hottest season in Pakistan is June and July. At noon in most areas, the temperature exceeds 40 ° C. In some areas of Sindh and Balochistan, the highest temperature can reach above 50 ° C. The coldest season is from December to February. Northern mountainous areas with an altitude of more than 2 kilometers are relatively cool, and the temperature difference is relatively large.

Pakistan ’s geographical location is very important. It has always been an important channel and strategic hub connecting the Indian subcontinent with Central Asia and West Asia, facing an important busy Indian Ocean channel.

With a population of about 190 million, Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world. The rural population accounts for about 63% of the total population, and women account for 48.5% of the total population. Pakistan's population has grown rapidly, with an annual growth rate of 1.92%. The largest city Karachi has a population of 21 million, the second largest city Lahore has a population of 10 million, and the capital Islamabad has 1.5 million. There are nearly 8,000 overseas Chinese in Pakistan, mainly concentrated in Punjab and Sindh, which are more developed economies.

(2) The political situation of Pakistan

Pakistan was originally part of British India. On August 14, 1947, the United Kingdom implemented the Indian-Pakistani divide, and Pakistan became an autonomous province of the British Commonwealth. On March 23, 1956, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was formally established.

Although Pakistan was founded in a short time, it has a long history and culture. As early as 5000 years ago, the splendid Indus civilization was born here. Historically, Pakistan and India have close ties and have repeatedly been under the jurisdiction of the same country, and have since been reduced to British colonies. In 1947, India and Pakistan were divided and separated from the British colonial rule and became independent. Since then, conflicts have continued. In 1971, due to the sharp domestic conflicts and the intervention of India, Pakistan was split and East Pakistan became independent of Bangladesh.

Pakistan is a developing country with rapid economic growth. It is also a member of the World Trade Organization, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, the Group of 77, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Commonwealth.

The Pakistani legal system is sound. As a British colony in history, it was deeply influenced by it. It inherited the Western legal system in the constitution and legal system, and at the same time joined the Muslim religious concept and the achievements of modern legal civilization. In terms of economic development, Pakistan has a sound legal system in fiscal taxation, trade promotion, foreign investment management, resource development, and labor protection.

Since its founding in 1947, Pakistani government agencies have continued to adjust and reform while following the original Anglo-Indian government structure.

Pakistan adopts a federal system, and the federal government is the highest administrative organ. The Federal Cabinet consists of the Prime Minister, Ministers and Ministers of State. In May 2013, Nawaz Sharif led the Muslim League (Sharif) to win the election, was sworn in early in June, and became the prime minister of Pakistan for the third time.

Each ministry has senior positions such as federal minister, minister of state, permanent secretary and assistant secretary. The federal ministers and ministers of state of all ministries and commissions are politically appointed, and the actual person in charge of daily affairs is the secretary (equivalent to the deputy minister).

Affected by many factors such as politics, economy, and ethnicity, the relationship between the Federation and the province is very complicated. The Constitution stipulates that the central and provincial government officials form a common interest committee and the National Economic Commission to coordinate the relationship between the federal and the provinces and regions. In July 2011, the Central Government of Pakistan granted provincial autonomy in accordance with the 18th Amendment to the Constitution, delegating the powers of 17 ministries and commissions to the provincial government. The provincial government is under the leadership of the federal government, but the constitution provides for provincial autonomy. Provincial parliaments may legislate for the province, but their legislation must comply with federal legislation.

Parliament is the legislative body of Pakistan. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1947, the one-chamber system was implemented for a long time. After the constitution was promulgated in 1973, the two-chamber system was implemented, consisting of the National Assembly (lower house) and the Senate (upper house). The National Assembly is elected by universal suffrage, and the Senate is selected by the Provincial Assembly and the National Assembly based on the principle of equal seats in each province. There are 342 seats in the National Assembly, of which 332 seats are Muslim seats, and 10 seats are special seats for minority denominations, which are directly elected by Muslim and minority sect voters. The National Assembly has a speaker and a deputy speaker, each with a five-year term. There are 100 seats in the Senate, and the term of office of the members is 6 years, and half of them will be retired every 3 years. There are 1 chairman and deputy chairman each with a term of 3 years.

In recent years, the trend of democratization of the Pakistani regime has become stronger, and the military has gradually retreated from the national political stage to the background. In May 2013, Pakistan held national assembly elections. The Muslim League led by Nawaz Sharif (Sharif sent 191 seats out of 342 in the National Assembly and became the largest party in the National Assembly. The general election in May 2013 further consolidated Pakistan ’s political stabilization trend. This is Pakistan The first general election in history without military, religious, judicial and foreign direct intervention was also the first time since the founding of Pakistan that the political power was successfully transferred between the elected governments. In March 2015, Pakistan held the re-election of the Senate and the ruling party Mu Meng ( Xie Pai) won 18 of the 48 seats in this election. The People ’s Party leader Rabbani was elected chairman of the Senate.

Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif

(3) Pakistani culture and customs

1. Nationalities

Pakistan is a multi-ethnic country, with Punjabi accounting for 63%, Sindhi accounting for 18%, Pashtun accounting for 11%, and Baluchistan accounting for 4%. According to the "two nations theory" of Pakistan's founder Jinnah, Pakistan has only one nation, the Muslim nation. Non-Muslims and other Pakistanis, such as Hindus and Christians, are called "minorities".

Pakistan's founding father-Jinnah

Pakistan's Founding Father-Jinnah Bronze

There are many tribes in Pakistan, mainly distributed in the Khyber Pashtun province near the border with Afghanistan, most of them are Pashtuns. Tribal areas do not implement Pakistani laws, and tribal affairs are determined by the tribes in accordance with traditional customs and methods. The chief of the tribe is called the elder and implements the hereditary system. Elders have high prestige, not only have great power within the tribe, but can also exert influence on the government and the judiciary. Each tribe has its own armed forces and is responsible for maintaining the security of the tribe. The tribal area has representative seats in the Federal National Assembly and the Senate of Pakistan, and is generally elected members of the elders of the larger tribes.

2. Language

The Constitution of Pakistan stipulates that Urdu is the national language and English is the official language. Urdu is spoken throughout the country, and English is widely used in higher education, technology, business, justice, and diplomacy. The main national languages ​​are: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and Baloch.

3. Religion

According to the Constitution, Pakistan ’s state religion is Islam, and Islam accounts for 95% of the country ’s total population. Among them, the Sunnis claim to be "orthodox", accounting for 80% of the country's Muslims. In addition, there are Hinduism, Christianity, etc., but only account for 5% of the national population. Pakistani Muslims have particularly strong worship customs. The believers have to pray 5 times a day, and they must bathe before the worship (divide into big net and small net).

Historically, Pakistan used to be a country dominated by Hindu beliefs. Until Islam entered the Indus Valley. Over time, the west side of the Indus became an area with an absolute majority of Muslims. However, in Punjab and Sindh, although Muslims are the majority, they still maintain a very diverse color. The development of Sikhism in central Punjab and the re-emergence of Christianity brought by missionaries during the colonial period further increased Punjab's religious diversity.

Sikhs (Sikhs advocate force, so they often wear swords)

4. Customs

Pakistan is a conservative Islamic country. Foreigners must abide by the customs of Muslim countries. When you meet, you must first say "Aslam Alegum", which means "Blessed by Allah"; Islam is prohibited and foreigners in Pakistan are not allowed to drink alcohol in public places; Muslims do not eat pork, animal blood and self Dead animal. It is strictly forbidden to bring all kinds of alcohol, pork and pork products and other articles that violate Islamic teachings into the country. Many traditional foods are eaten by hand, but only with the right hand.

Muslims pay special attention to the difference between men and women. Young men and women do not interact with each other in public places. Therefore, men do not take the initiative to shake hands when they see women. Men only shake hands with women when they reach out; they can usually shake hands when they meet, and even between close friends. Can be embraced; in Pakistan, men and women are strictly forbidden to hug or kiss in public, believing that kissing in public is a crime, and must be fined and imprisoned for a week; women are strictly prohibited from wearing over-exposed and over-exposed clothing when they are on the street, and prohibit others from being women or women. Taking pictures, otherwise it will be considered as a crime of sensuality.

In Pakistan, yellow can cause disgust in the religious world and certain political forces, because the robes (dresses) worn by Brahman monks are yellow. Residents generally regard black as negative, and green, white, silver, gold and bright colors are very popular among the local people. In Pakistan, the numbers considered to be ominous are "13" and "420".

Pakistani women

2. The historical origin of Pakistan

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan was formally established in 1956. Although Pakistan has a short history, it has a long history. Generally speaking, we say that India is one of the four ancient civilizations, but strictly speaking, Pakistan is more qualified than India today to deserve this title. Because the so-called ancient Indus civilization was mainly originated and distributed in today's Pakistan. In terms of geographical and historical heritage, Pakistan and India have a lot in common. The ancient Indus civilization is a common historical heritage of India and Pakistan.

(1) The prehistoric era (before 2350 BC)

1. New and old Stone Age

Contemporary archaeological studies have found some scattered early human fossils (later named Narmada) in the Narmada Valley region, indicating that at least in the middle of the Paleolithic period, India already had human settlements. The lineage classification of the Narmada people is undecided (Homo erectus or Homo sapiens); their survival time varies from 200,000 to 500,000 years ago. The late Paleolithic began approximately 40,000 years ago and ended 15,000 years ago.

Narmada Valley

Mesolithic cultural sites are widely distributed throughout the subcontinent and Sri Lanka; the earliest Mesolithic site was found in Sri Lanka, and the northernmost site was found in the Hindu Kush Mountains. The Hindu Kush Mountains now belong to Afghanistan, but in ancient India has a close relationship and appears to be a direct development of Paleolithic culture in the same region.

Since about 6000 BC, all parts of India have entered the Neolithic Age, and the cultural distribution is more extensive. Historically, the Indus Valley has been spatially close to the two river basins, with closer ties, more mutual exchanges, and more difficult contact with less contact with China. In general, the Neolithic culture of India is later, not only later than China, but also later than the culture of the Lianghe River Basin.

2. Early culture (before 2350-before and after 1750)

The oldest known Indian civilization is the Indus Valley civilization in the third millennium BC. It is usually named after Xalapa (in West Punjab, Pakistan) where the representative site is located, and is called Xalapa culture. The reason why India can be among the four ancient civilizations is precisely because of the discovery of Xalapa culture.

Xalapa Culture-Mohenjodaro Archaeological Site

When the Xalapa culture reached considerable development and maturity, it declined due to unknown reasons so far, and eventually disappeared completely. The impact on the later is weak and difficult to identify. The Indian civilization, generally known to the world, is dominated by the Aryan culture that subsequently entered India.

(2) From the Aryans to the colonial era

The Aryans of India were the ones that were later known to the world.

1. Vedic culture (around 1500 BC-around 600 BC)

After the Indus civilization gradually declined. Around 1500 BC, the Aryans who lived in Central Asia (a so-called southern Russian grassland) wandered into the Indus Valley of Pakistan. Because the historical materials of this period are kept in "Vedas" and the "Vatican", "Forest Book", "Unanimous Book" and two epics that explain Vedic, "Vedas" are very important in the spiritual system of Indian society. It is called the Vedic era. Vedic means clear and knowledge.

Among them, "Ligu Vedas" was written in the 12th to 9th centuries BC, and was called early Vedas, while "Sama Vedas", "Yeluo Vedas" and "Ari Vedas" were written in 900 BC. -Before 600 years or later, it is also called late Vedic.

Brahmanism began to emerge in the late Vedic period. Brahmanism believes in primitive nature worship, with Brahma as the main god, in addition to the god of destruction and dance, Shiva, and the god of light, Vishnu. Brahmanism also promotes the concept of reincarnation of good and evil, and advocates the idea that the Brahman and I agree. Brahmanism has a far-reaching influence on Buddhism and Hinduism and other religions. Some studies believe that there is also a certain relationship with Taoism in ancient China.

Brahman statue

Brahman statue

2. The period of the Persian Empire (around 550 BC-around 300 BC)

From the middle of the 6th century BC, the Persian Empire, which emerged on the Iranian plateau of western Asia, invaded India and ruled today's Pakistan. The Persian Indian province was set up in this area. This is the recorded Indian Aryan society and The first more comprehensive political contact with other advanced civilizations. At that time, there were 20 provinces in Persia, and each province ’s annual tribute income was worth 20,000 tarats (about 30.3 kg) of silver. Among them, the Indian province is one of the most populous, richest and most heavily-produced provinces in Persia It is necessary to pay approximately 4680 Tarant's gold.

This historical period is also the period of the nations of the Indian subcontinent. The spiritual life of India during the times of the nations was very active, and many philosophical or religious schools emerged, among which Buddhism and Jainism were the most influential. Buddhism split soon after its founding. Mahayana Buddhism developed in the north, and Mahayana Buddhism developed in the south.

After the Persian Empire, King Alexander the Great of Macedonia in Greece also invaded Pakistan.

3. Peacock Dynasty (322 years ago-185 years ago)

Alexander the Great's conquest of Pakistan did not last long, and he quickly withdrew from Pakistan and died of illness. But Alexander ’s invasion broke Pakistan ’s original political landscape and had a very significant impact on the changes in Pakistan ’s local political landscape. Shortly after Alexandria withdrew from Pakistan, the Lord of Moons, known as the Moon Guardian, overthrew the Nanda royal family of the Majestic Kingdom and established the first imperial-style Peacock Dynasty in the history of Pakistan (India).

Gandhara Kaduo drove away the remaining power of the Greeks in Punjab and gradually conquered most of India and Pakistan. In the later period of the reign of the Moon Guardian, he also repelled the invasion of Alexander the Great's general Seleucus I, and gained control of the entire Pakistan and Afghanistan.

4. The period of foreign invasion (200 BC-around 300 AD)

From the beginning of the 2nd century onwards, the Peacock Empire gradually weakened and the country was divided. Northwest invaders, such as the Daxia Greeks, Cypriots and Sabbaths, invaded Pakistan successively. Successful invaders, they established a powerful Guishuang Empire in Pakistan and Northwest India.

The Da Yue people originally lived in the area from Zhangye to Dunhuang in the west of the Hexi Corridor in China. They were defeated by the Huns. After fleeing west to Central Asia, they conquered Bactria (a country established by the ancient Greeks in Central Asia) around 125 BC. ), Rule the entire Amu Darya, Syr Darya. In order to facilitate the rule, it is divided into five, and five princes rule, Guishuang is one of them. In the middle of the 1st century AD, Kui Hou Qiu unified the five tribes, established the Gui Shuang Empire, ruled Central Asia, and conquered Pakistan and northwestern India.

The heyday of the Guishuang dynasty was about 127-230 years. The territory stretched from today's Tajikistan to the Caspian Sea, Afghanistan and the Indus River Basin. It reached its heyday under the rule of Jiazhi Sejia I and its successors. More than one hundred thousand, is considered to be one of the four major powers in Europe and Asia at that time. It was tied with the Han Dynasty, Rome, and rest at that time. The capital of the capital, Burusapura (Furusha, or Fushasha, now Peshawar, Pakistan). The Guishuang dynasty advocated Buddhism, attached importance to the development of foreign trade, and communicated with China (Han) and the Roman Empire. The Gandhara carving art in the territory is the most famous.

Around the 3rd century AD, the Guishuang empire was divided, and in the 5th century, it was a nomadic people living in Eurasia in ancient times. According to Chinese history books, they originally lived north of the Great Wall and were called slippery countries. It is difficult to test, and it is generally considered to be a descendant of the Central Asian Cypriot nomadic people and the Han Dynasty Yue Yue clan, which Western historians call "Bai Xiongnu.") The invasion and the Guishuang Empire perished. It is generally believed that the Jat people distributed in modern Pakistan and India are descendants of Da Yue.

5. The Kadodo Dynasty (320-540 AD)

After the decline of the Guishuang empire, it was the Kato dynasty that replaced their dominant position in northern Pakistan. The Kaddu dynasty was the first powerful indigenous dynasty in the Indian subcontinent after the Peacock dynasty, roughly unifying northern India, including Pakistan, but limited development in the south.

In the 5th and 6th centuries, the Kudah (Bai Huns) who invaded Pakistan from Central Asia damaged the Gaduo dynasty and the empire quickly disintegrated. During this period, the Sassanid dynasty from Persia conquered much of Pakistan today.

6. The Japanese dynasty (about the 7th century AD)

The Jai dynasty, also known as the Kaoru Ju Capricorn Kingdom or the Lisha Empire, was built by the Jai prince (reigned 606-647), hence its name. Its territory includes North India, the capital, except Kashmir, Sindh, and West Punjab. Qu Nucheng (now Kanao season).

Tang Seng Xuan Zang's visit to India during the prince of the Japanese king promoted the understanding of the people of China and India. From 641 to 647, the dynasty dynasty sent many diplomatic envoys to hire the Tang dynasty, and Tang Taizong also sent Wang Xuance to visit India four times, leading to political contacts between the two countries. The expansion of cultural exchange laid the foundation.

After the death of the King of the Sun, there were no heirs, and some local officials soon declared their independence. This situation continued until the early 8th century, and as Muslims arrived in the coastal areas, a new era appeared in Pakistan.

7. Muslim conquest of Pakistan

In the early 8th century AD, the army of the Arab Empire that emerged on the Arabian Peninsula in southwestern Asia began to enter the Indian subcontinent, conquered parts of Pakistan and the Indian subcontinent, established an Islamic regime, and introduced Islam to make a large number of local residents become Muslims.

This action opened the prelude to the continuous invasion of Pakistan by the Muslim regime in Central Asia and West Asia over the next 1,000 years, and Pakistan gradually became Islamized.

8. The Ghazni Dynasty

The true conquest of Pakistan by Islam began in the 11th century and was carried out by the Turks of Central Asia. The Sultan Mahmud of the Ghaznavid Dynasty expedite Pakistan and India more than 17 times, causing severe damage in Pakistan and northern India. The widespread Buddhism also perished due to the aggression of the Ghaznavid dynasty. During this period, the territory of the Ghaznavid dynasty in Central Asia was annexed by its original vassal Ghor dynasty in Afghanistan in 1173.

9. Mongolian rule

Genghis himself invaded Pakistan until the Indus River, but because the Mongolian cavalry could not bear the heat of India, he quickly withdrew. Later, the grandson of the Genghis Khan, Xu Liewu, conquered West Asia and Persia, and also conquered Pakistan. Part of Pakistan's territory became the territory of the Yier Khan State, one of the four major Khan countries of Mongolia.

10. Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

The Sultanate of Delhi has existed for 320 years. It is the collective name of the Islamic regional feudal countries where the Turkic and Afghan military aristocracy ruled Pakistan and North India from the 13th to 16th centuries. It is named after its capital, Delhi.

The ruler of the Gur Dynasty, Muizddin Muhammad (Muhammad of Gur) decisively defeated the Zhaohan people in the second Battle of Dray in 1192, and he remained in India's governor (born slave) Gutb Ding Albuquerque adopted the title of Sudan in 1206 to rule Pakistan and North India, which were conquered by Muslims, and the capital was Delhi.

In the following 320 years, the Sultanate of Delhi experienced the rule of 5 dynasties and 32 Sudans that had no family relations or even ethnic relations with each other. The five dynasties are: Slave Dynasty (1206-1290), Karji Dynasty (1290-1320), Tugluuk Dynasty (1320-1414), Said Dynasty (1414-1451), Lodi Dynasty (1451- 1526).

In 1526, the Sultanate of Delhi was replaced by the Mughal dynasty established by Mongolian descendants.

11. Mughal Empire (1526-1857)

The Mughal Empire is a feudal autocratic dynasty established by Babur, a descendant of the Turkic Mongolian Timur, in Pakistan and most of India. The Mughal Empire is actually the "Mongolian Empire".

Timur is a Turkic Mongolian who believes in Islam and tends to Persian culture in cultural awareness. He established the Timur Empire (1370-1507) in a large area of ​​Central Asia and Western Asia and also occupied Pakistan and India. Northwest.

After the collapse of the Timur Empire, his descendants Babur led the army to invade the South Asian subcontinent to establish the Mughal Empire. In the heyday of the third-generation emperor Akbar, the Mughal Empire implemented a policy of cultural integration and religious tolerance. During the heyday of the empire, the territory covered almost the entire South Asian subcontinent and Afghanistan. The superstructure of the Mughal Empire is Muslim, and Persian is the language of courts, public affairs, diplomacy, literature and high society.

The territory of the Mughal Empire during the sixth generation of the Emperor Aurangzeb reached the maximum range, but Aurangzeb was a poor soldier, and the consumption was huge. The Mughal Empire began to decline.

The Mughal Empire fell behind. Colonial empires such as the British Empire, the French Colonial Empire, the Dutch Colonial Empire and the Portuguese Colonial Empire competed for colonies in Pakistan. Eventually, the British victory and the Mughal Emperor became a puppet. In 1858, Queen Victoria of England was awarded the title of Queen of Pakistan, establishing British Pakistan, and the Mughal dynasty perished.

12. Invasion of Persians and Afghans

Simultaneously with the invasion of Western colonists, in 1739, the Persian King Nadir Shah invaded India, burned Delhi, and cut off all Indian territory west of the Indus. Since then, the ruler of Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah, has repeatedly invaded India. In the third Panipat battle in 1761, the Indian rulers were devastated and the Afghans occupied Pakistan.

The invasions of Persia and Afghanistan cleared the way for Western colonists to occupy India.

(3) During and after the colonial period (1757-)

The earliest European country to establish a stronghold in the South Asian subcontinent was Portugal. Since then, the Dutch have also actively stepped in and defeated the Portuguese. By the 18th century, the major European powers pursuing interests in the South Asian subcontinent were mainly Britain and France. In 1619, the British East India Company established its first stronghold in northwestern India. After the Anglo-French Seven-Year War, Britain occupied an advantageous position in India, weakening France to only a few small colonies in India.

After the Indian National Uprising in 1857-1858, Britain took the opportunity to achieve full rule over Pakistan and India. The "Improvement of Indian Management Law" passed in 1858 canceled the East India Company, the Indian Minister of State took over all its functions, and established the Indian government headed by the Indian Governor. The British also officially ended the Mughal dynasty that had no meaning. , Exiled Bahadur Shah II to Myanmar.

After 1885, Indian nationalism emerged, and there were nationalist gatherings almost every year. In 1909, the United Kingdom passed the Mora-Minto Reform Act, which stipulated that Muslims and Hindus should be elected separately in the legislative elections. After that, sectarian politics became a system, and the Indian national movement split.

The First World War had a major impact on the development of Indian nationalism. On April 13, 1919, the British army slaughtered the Indian people. In the Second World War, the Indian national movement continued to develop. After the end of World War II, the British power declined sharply, and its colonial rule in India was impossible to maintain. The Royal Indian Navy uprising occurred in 1946. The British proposed the Mountbatten plan in 1947. In June 1947, India and Pakistan implemented the plan based on the Mountbatten plan. Divide and conquer. On August 14, the same year, Pakistan declared its independence and became an autonomous province of the British Commonwealth, including the eastern and western parts of Pakistan. On March 23, 1956, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was formally established and remains a member of the Commonwealth.

Lord Mountbatten

According to the provisions of the "Mountbatten Plan", Pakistani-majority areas are classified as Pakistan, and Muslim-majority areas are classified as Pakistan. However, the question of attribution to Kashmir stipulates that the princes and states should decide to join Pakistan or Pakistan, or maintain independence. At that time, 77% of the population of Kashmir was Muslim, and they preferred to join Pakistan; the King of Kashmir Tubang was a Hindu. He first did not want to join Pakistan, nor did he want to join Pakistan, but in the end he preferred to join India. Therefore, the question of Kashmir's affiliation was not resolved when India and Pakistan divided.

Shortly after the partition of India and Pakistan, the two sides fought for Kashmir sovereignty in October 1947 in the Kashmir region, a large-scale armed conflict, the first India-Pakistan war. In December 1947, Pakistan referred the Kashmir issue to the UN Security Council.

In August 1948 and January 1949, the United Nations India-Pakistan Committee successively adopted resolutions on the ceasefire in Kashmir and the referendum. Both India and Pakistan accepted. The two sides formally ceased fire in January 1949, and a ceasefire line was defined in July. Kashmir is divided into Indian-controlled areas and Pakistan-controlled areas, and India and Pakistan have established local governments in their respective controlled areas.

In August 1953, after a meeting between the prime ministers of India and Pakistan, a joint communiqué was issued announcing that the Kashmir dispute should be resolved through a Kashmir referendum. However, in June 1965, India and Pakistan broke out the second India-Pakistan war around the Kashmir issue.

In December 1971, in the third Indian-Pakistani war that broke out as East Pakistan (later Bangladesh) broke out of Pakistan, India occupied part of the Pakistan-controlled Kashmir region.

In March 1971, East Pakistan announced the establishment of the People ’s Republic of Bangladesh, and in December of the same year Bangladesh officially became independent.

In July 1972, India and Pakistan signed the "Simla Agreement". Both parties agreed to respect the actual line of control formed after the ceasefire between the two sides in 1971 in Kashmir.

3. Pakistan's economic situation and investment environment 

(1) Resource endowment

Pakistan is rich in coal resources. According to estimates by the Pakistan Geological Survey (GSP), Pakistan ’s coal resources are around 185 billion tons, of which 184 billion tons are in Sindh Province, accounting for 99.5% of the country ’s total. Pakistan ’s main mineral reserves are: 492 billion cubic meters of natural gas, 184 million barrels of oil, 185 billion tons of coal, 430 million tons of iron, 74 million tons of bauxite, and a large amount of chrome ore, marble, and gemstones. The forest coverage rate is 4.8%.

Another important natural endowment advantage of Pakistan is its geographical location. Pakistan is located in South Asia and borders the Arabian Sea in the south. It is bordered by India, China, Afghanistan and Iran on the east, north and west. It is a hub connecting South Asia, Central Asia and West Asia (Middle East). The market has a wide range of radiation, which can radiate to the Middle East and Central Asia and other regions, and has close trade relations with the above regions.

(2) Economic conditions

For a long time, Pakistan has been trapped by various internal and external instabilities, so its economic growth has been slow. In the past ten years, Pakistan ’s economic development reached its peak in 2007, and then gradually declined, reaching its lowest point in 2010-2011. In 2013, when the Sharif government came to power, Pakistan ’s economy was languishing and it was on the verge of debt default. It had to accept the IMF ’s new bailout loans, adopt high-strength austerity policies as required by the IMF, and focus on increasing fiscal revenue. After the efforts in recent years, Pakistan ’s economic development has gradually stabilized. In the 2014/15 fiscal year, Pakistan ’s GDP was 27.38 trillion rupees, an increase of 4.2% year-on-year, and the growth rate reached a new high in the past six years. (Note: Pakistan ’s fiscal year begins on July 1 and ends on June 30 of the following year).

[Industrial Structure] In the 2014/15 fiscal year, Pakistan ’s gross domestic product (GDP) was US $ 268.4 billion, with the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries accounting for 20.9% main agriculture are Wheat

Rice Cotton Sugarcane Oil seeds Coarse grains and pulses, 20.30%, and 58.8%, respectively.

[Industry] The textile industry is the most important industry in Pakistani industry, followed by the food processing industry. In recent years, the engineering, machinery, electronics, automotive, chemical and other industries have also gradually developed.

[Agriculture] In the 2014/15 fiscal year, Pakistan ’s agricultural growth rate was 2.9%. . The country's arable land area is 57.68 million hectares, of which the actual cultivated area is 21.68 million hectares. The agricultural population accounts for about 66.5% of the national population.

According to Pakistan ’s Federal Bureau of Statistics data, in the 2013/14 fiscal year, Pakistan ’s agricultural and industrial sector provided commodities totaling 111,773.03 billion rupees (about 116.237 billion U.S. dollars), of which agricultural commodities were 60,510.15 billion rupees (about 62.927 billion U.S. dollars), and industrial commodity production was 51262.88. 100 million rupees (approximately US $ 533.10 B); the service sector provides a total of 129078.02 billion rupees (approximately US $ 134.233 billion).

【Composition of GDP】 In the 2014/15 fiscal year, Pakistan's total investment accounted for 15.1% of GDP; private consumption accounted for 79.2% of GDP, public consumption accounted for 11.8% of GDP; and exports accounted for 9.4% of GDP.

[Financial Revenue and Expenditure] Pakistan ’s fiscal deficit for the 2014/15 fiscal year was Rs 1.996 trillion, accounting for 5.3% of GDP.

[Foreign Exchange Reserve] As of the end of 2015, Pakistan ’s foreign exchange reserve reached 20 billion US dollars, a record high.

【External Debt Balance】 Since 2007, Pakistan's national debt has continued to rise. As of June 2015, the total national debt reached 18.9 trillion rupees, of which external debt was 6.2 trillion rupees, internal debt was 12.2 trillion rupees, and government debt accounted for 69% of GDP. In fiscal year 2014/2015, the Pakistani government spent a total of US $ 6.82 billion (including US $ 915 million in interest) to repay foreign debt, accounting for 47% of the country ’s fiscal revenue, which is far higher than the reasonable level of 30%, greatly squeezing the country ’s And infrastructure construction.

[Inflation rate] Inflation rate in Pakistan in the 2014/15 fiscal year was 4.5%, a significant decrease from the previous fiscal year and lower than the 8% target set by the government.

[Unemployment Rate] The average unemployment rate in Pakistan in the 2014/15 fiscal year was 6.1%.

[Savings] Pakistan ’s national savings account for about 15% of GDP. In consumption expenditure, food accounts for 43.1%, housing accounts for 15.2%, clothing accounts for 5.7%, transportation accounts for 5.6%, and other living expenses account for 12.8%.

[Inflation] Pakistan ’s prices have continued to rise in recent years, and inflation has been more serious. The situation has improved since 2015. Data from the Pakistan Federal Statistical Office show that in the 2014/15 fiscal year, the Pakistan Consumer Price Index (CPI), Sensitive Price Index (SPI) and Wholesale Price Index (WPI) increased by 4.5%, 6.5% and 80.3% respectively over the same period of the previous fiscal year . In April 2016, the average prices of Pakistan ’s main basic household items were: 38 rupees / kg for flour, 59.5 rupees / kg for rice, 318 rupees / kg for beef, 636.9 rupees / kg for lamb, 190 rupees / kg for chicken, and 181.6 rupees / liter for cooking oil , Fresh milk 78.5 rupees / liter, eggs 73.3 rupees, dozens, sugar 63.8 rupees / kg, potatoes 12.5 rupees / kg, tomatoes 16 rupees / kg, onions 25 rupees / kg, gasoline 65.1 rupees / liter, diesel 73.4 rupees / liter (Note: US $ 1 is approximately Rs 105 in April 2016).

With a population of 190 million, Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world and has great market development potential.

As of June 11, 2015, Moody ’s international rating agency rated Pakistan ’s sovereign credit rating as B3, with a stable outlook. As of October 22, 2015, the international rating agency S & P rated Pakistan ’s sovereign credit rating as B- / B, with a positive outlook. As of April 12, 2016, Fitch, the international rating agency, rated Pakistan's sovereign credit as B / B, with a stable outlook.

(3) Pakistan's foreign economic and trade relations

Pakistan ’s economic strength is weak, and it is willing to join various trade arrangements to promote economic growth.

[Preferential Trade Arrangements] Pakistan is one of the founding members of the General Agreement on Tariffs and the World Trade Organization; one of the members of the SAARC Free Trade Zone; free trade agreements with China, Malaysia, Sri Lanka; and Iran, Mauritius and Indonesia Preferential trade agreement; signed a re-export trade agreement with Afghanistan.

[Total Trade in Goods] In the 2014/15 fiscal year, Pakistan ’s total trade in goods was US $ 69.865 billion, of which exports were US $ 23.885 billion and imports were US $ 45.98 billion, up 4.67%, -4.88% and 2.01% year-on-year respectively. The trade deficit was US $ 22.09 billion, a year-on-year increase of 10.68%.

[Major cargo trading partners] In fiscal year 2014/15, Pakistan ’s top 10 cargo trading partners were China, UAE, US, Singapore, Saudi Arabia, UK, Kuwait, Germany, India and Afghanistan; the top 10 export destinations were the US, China, Afghanistan, the United Kingdom, the UAE, Germany, Spain, Italy, Bangladesh and the Netherlands; the top 10 import source countries are the UAE, China, UK USA KSA

[Commodity Trade Structure] Pakistan ’s main export commodities include textiles, food, jewelry, chemical products (including pharmaceuticals), leather and its products, medical appliances, cement, sports goods, engineering equipment, carpets, etc. The main import commodities include crude oil and petroleum Products, food, transportation, steel, plastic raw materials, power generation equipment, electrical appliances, steel scrap, fertilizer and silk thread, etc.

【Total Service Trade】 In FY2014 / 15, Pakistan's total service trade was US $ 13.99 billion, of which exports were US $ 5.741 billion and imports were US $ 8.258 billion, up 4.94%, 7.40% and 3.30% year-on-year respectively. The trade deficit was US $ 2.517 billion, a year-on-year decrease of 3.93%.

【Service Trade Structure】 Pakistan's service trade exports are relatively concentrated. The main types of exports are government services, transportation services, telecommunications computers and information services, and other commercial services. The main types of imported services are transportation, tourism and other commercial services.

[Global Trade Agreement] Pakistan is one of the founding members of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in 1947 and the World Trade Organization (WTO) established in 1995.

[Regional Free Trade Agreement] mainly includes: "Pakistan-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement", "South Asia Free Trade Area Agreement", "Pakistan-China Free Trade Agreement", "Pakistan-Malaysia Closer Economic and Trade Relations Agreement". In addition, Pakistan is in negotiations with Singapore and the Gulf Cooperation Council and other free trade zones, and is in negotiations with China for the second phase of tax reduction.

[Preferential Trade Arrangements] Mainly include: "Pakistan-Iran Preferential Trade Arrangement", "Islamic Development Group of Eight (D-8) Preferential Trade Agreement", "Pakistan-Mauritius Preferential Trade Arrangement", "Pakistan-Afghanistan Re-export Trade Agreement" , "Pakistan-Indonesia Preferential Trade Arrangement".

[EU Universal Tariff System] Pakistan is a beneficiary country of the EU ’s tariff preferences. The new Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program announced by the European Commission in November 2012 added three countries including Pakistan as the third type of GSP. Pakistan has officially obtained the EU GSP + (GSP +), and can apply to the EU for duty-free treatment (from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2023).

[Radiation Range] The radiation range of the Pakistani market is relatively wide, for the following reasons: First, Pakistan is located at the junction of South Asia with Central Asia and the Middle East (West Asia), and has close trade relations with the above regions / countries. Second, Pakistan is very active in regional economic cooperation. So far, it has signed free trade agreements with Sri Lanka, China, Malaysia, SAARC and other countries and regional organizations. It has also signed preferential trade arrangements with Iran, Mauritius, the Islamic Development Group of Eight and other countries and organizations. .

[Trade Competent Authority] The Pakistan Trade Competent Authority is the Ministry of Commerce of Pakistan. Its main responsibilities include: domestic and foreign trade management and policy formulation, export promotion, fair trade (anti-dumping, etc.), negotiation of multilateral and bilateral trade agreements, organization and supervision of business associations Insurance industry supervision, etc. The National Bank of Pakistan is responsible for financial system supervision, foreign exchange control, and currency issuance. The Federal Tax Commission under the Ministry of Finance of Pakistan is responsible for tariff setting, tariff collection, and customs supervision.

[Trade Regulations System] The main laws and regulations related to trade in Pakistan include the "Company Law", "Trade Organization Law", "Trade Monopoly and Restriction Law", "Customs Law", "Anti-dumping Law" and "Anti-Hoarding Law".

[Relevant Regulations on Trade Management] The Pakistani government divides export products into: prohibited, restricted, price-limited and general categories. Some of the banned commodities need to be approved by the relevant government authorities, and the export of restricted commodities must meet the relevant requirements of the government. Due to rampant smuggling activities, Pakistan has very strict management of exports to Afghanistan, and special regulations have been issued to regulate it. Imported products are classified into prohibited categories, restricted categories and general categories. Among them, the prohibited products include dozens of categories that violate Islamic teachings; the imports of restricted products need to meet the relevant requirements of the government.

In terms of regional preferential policies, the Pakistani government encourages foreign companies to invest in export processing zones and special economic zones to set up factories. The policies of various industrial zones are relatively flexible. There are 21 export processing zones in Pakistan (6 have been built). In 2012, Pakistan promulgated the "Special Economic Zone Law", which encourages foreign investment in special economic zones.

4) Pakistan's investment environment

Pakistan aslo WTO member. It has an open market, a large population, and huge development potential.

1. Pakistan encourages foreign investment

In recent years, in order to promote faster and better economic growth, the Pakistani government and the people strongly welcome investment. The Pakistani government promotes economic reforms, economic liberalization, and privatization, and has formulated a looser and freer investment policy. It hopes to enhance its competitiveness in attracting foreign investment by improving the policy system, providing preferential treatment and good investment services. Almost all economic sectors in Pakistan are open to foreign investment. Foreign and local investors enjoy equal treatment, foreigners are allowed to own 100% equity, and foreigners are allowed to remit funds freely. In addition, foreign investors in Pakistan enjoy preferential policies on equipment import tariffs, initial depreciation deposits, copyright technical service fees and other aspects.

In recent years, the Pakistani government has implemented extensive structural reforms, introduced relevant preferential policies, promoted investment facilitation, improved the investment environment, and vigorously promoted special economic zones, hoping to attract foreign capital to provide impetus to the country ’s economic development. In the 2015/16 fiscal year, Pakistan attracted foreign direct investment of US $ 1.281 billion, a year-on-year increase of 38.8%. Its main sources are China (US $ 594 million), Norway (US $ 172 million), UAE (US $ 164 million), Hong Kong, China (US $ 131 million), and Italy (1.04t / US $).

Pakistan ’s use of foreign capital is relatively concentrated. The three major areas of foreign capital utilization during the 2015/16 fiscal year were the power industry ($ 567 million), oil and gas development ($ 261 million), and the telecommunications industry ($ 210 million). The Central Bank of Pakistan pointed out that the large investment from China is the main reason for the good FDI data in Pakistan. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is the largest single project for Pakistan to attract foreign investment. . The energy sector has become the largest driving force for Pakistan to attract foreign capital and imports of capital goods, but in addition to this, FDI in almost all sectors has stalled.

According to the 2016 World Investment Report released by UNCTAD, in 2015, Pakistan ’s foreign investment flow was 865 million US dollars, and foreign direct investment flow was 23 million US dollars; as of the end of 2015, Pakistan ’s foreign investment absorption amounted to 31.6 billion US dollars. The stock of foreign direct investment was US $ 1.719 billion.

Major multinational companies investing in the local area include: Citibank in the financial sector, Standard Chartered Bank, HSBC and Barclays Bank, Tokyo Mitsubishi Bank, Deutsche Bank, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, etc .; Telenor, China Mobile, Ericsson in the communications field , Motorola, Huawei, ZTE, etc .; Dutch Shell in the oil and gas field, Caltex in the United States, BP in the UK, Total in France, OMV in Austria, PetroChina, Sinopec, etc .; Toyota, Honda, Suzuki, Hyundai, China FAW, etc .; Procter & Gamble, Unilever, Colgate, etc. in the chemical industry; AES Power Company, Siemens, Germany, Alstom, China Three Gorges Corporation, China Power Construction, China Nengjian, etc. in the field of electronic appliances; Philips in the Netherlands, Haier in China, Sony in Japan, LG in South Korea, Samsung, Haier in China, Changhong, etc .; Nestlé, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, McDonald's, KFC, etc. in the field of food processing.

2. Pakistan's currency environment

(1) Currency conditions

The Pakistani currency is rupee and is currently not freely convertible. In the 2010/11 fiscal year, the Pakistani rupee exchange rate fell further against the dollar, breaking the 91: 1 mark. In the 2012/13 fiscal year, the average exchange rate of the Pakistani rupee against the US dollar was 96.16: 1. In the second half of 2013, the rupee depreciated significantly against the US dollar and the exchange rate at the end of the year was 105: 1. Since 2015, due to the significant improvement in Pakistan ’s foreign exchange reserves, the rupee against the US dollar The exchange rate is relatively stable, fluctuating between 102: 1 and 106: 1.

At present, the renminbi and rupee cannot be directly exchanged. The two parties have signed a currency swap agreement in 2011, with a total value of 10 billion yuan (equivalent to 140 billion rupees). According to the Foreign Exchange Account (Protection) Act 2001, Pakistan has not imposed controls on foreign exchange. Foreigners residing in Pakistan, foreign-funded companies established in Pakistan, and foreign companies registered abroad but operating in Pakistan may open and use foreign exchange accounts in banks that are qualified for foreign exchange operations. These accounts can freely remit and remit foreign exchange, and can also freely deposit and withdraw cash locally. Pakistan allows foreign investors to remit all capital, capital gains, dividends and profits. The repatriation of the above amounts will be subject to a 10% withholding tax. There are no restrictions on foreigners carrying foreign currency cash and traveler checks.

(2) Financing environment

In terms of financing conditions, foreign-funded enterprises enjoy the same treatment as local enterprises. If a foreign company invests or contracts for a project locally, it needs to open a USD account and provide collateral or guarantee from an entity recognized by the bank. Then it needs to provide cash flow documents, financial statements and other relevant documents that prove the company's qualifications and credit. In terms of financing costs, due to severe inflation, Pakistan ’s base interest rate has been at a relatively high level all year round. Since 2014, as inflation has eased, the benchmark annual interest rate has gradually declined, to 8.5% in January 2015, and commercial financing costs have been around 10%. On May 21, 2016, the Central Bank of Pakistan announced a reduction of the benchmark interest rate by 25 basis points to 5.75% for a period of 2 months to continue to stimulate economic growth and respond to minor inflation expectations. The current interest rate level is still the lowest since 42 years. In 2003, the Central Bank of Pakistan allowed the use of Renminbi in exports to China. However, it is currently not possible to use RMB to invest locally.

[Labor Resources] Pakistan ’s domestic labor resources are abundant, and the overall quality is not high. The literacy rate of the population over 10 years old is only about 58%, of which 69% are men and 46% are women. According to statistics, there are 60.5 million working-age laborers; the average unemployment rate in Pakistan in the 2014/15 fiscal year was 6.1%.

[Minimum Wage] The Pakistani government adjusts the minimum wage of the labor force every fiscal year. In 2013, the minimum monthly wage of workers was 10,000 rupees (1 US dollar against 105.24 rupees); employees of more than 10 companies participated in the social security plan Pay 7% of the wages of insurance workers.

3. Investment regulations in Pakistan

(1) Investment authority

The Ministry of Investment of Pakistan is the department responsible for investment affairs of the federal government. The main functions of the investment department (BOI) include the liaison and liaison between investors and other government departments; the establishment of an investment docking database to provide investors with the necessary Necessary information and consulting services. Pakistan Investment Authority has branches in each province. (BOI official website: boi.gov.pk)

(2) Regulations of the investment industry

According to Pakistan ’s Foreign Private Investment (Promotion and Protection) Act 1976, the Economic Reform Promotion and Protection Act 1992 and Pakistan ’s preferential investment policies, all economic sectors in Pakistan are open to foreign investment, and foreign investment enjoys the same treatment as domestic investors. Foreign capital is allowed to own 100% equity. In terms of the minimum investment amount, there are no restrictions on manufacturing, but in non-manufacturing, there are minimum requirements according to different industries, the service industry (including finance, communications and IT industry) is at least 150,000 US dollars, agriculture and other industries are 30 Ten thousand U.S. dollars. Pakistan ’s investment policy stipulates that the five areas that restrict investment are: weapons, high-strength explosives, radioactive materials, securities printing and coinage, and alcohol production (except industrial alcohol). In addition, since Pakistan is an Islamic country, foreign companies are not allowed to engage in entertainment and leisure industries such as nightclubs, dance halls, movie theaters, massages, and baths.

(3) Regulations on investment methods

Foreign investors can invest in Pakistan through greenfield investment or mergers and acquisitions. The Pakistan Securities and Exchange Commission (SECP) is responsible for company registration management and listing. Pakistan has no special regulations for foreign natural persons to carry out investment cooperation locally. Natural persons may conduct investment cooperation in the form of sole proprietorship, partnership or company, and abide by relevant laws and regulations.

4. Major laws related to investment

( Promotion and Protection) Law, the 1992 Economic Reform and Protection Law, and related investment and privatization policies, among which the laws related to the safety of foreign capital mergers and acquisitions,  Competition (M & A Control) Regulations 2007, Investment Commission Act 2001.

The Foreign Private Investment (Promotion and Protection) Act of 1976 clearly stipulates that foreign investment should be protected. Nationalization of foreign-funded companies is not allowed, foreign profits can be remitted, and foreign capital can enjoy national treatment. The "1992 Economic Reform and Protection Act" emphasizes the protection of foreign exchange accounts of domestic and foreign companies, supporting investment in setting up factories, protecting asset transfers, and keeping bank transaction secrets. The "1984 Company Law" stipulates in detail the establishment, registration, organization, operation, transfer, and modification of companies, and clearly stipulates the establishment of branches, offices, and business operations of foreign companies in Pakistan.

Pakistan has signed investment protection agreements (including China) with 46 countries and double taxation agreements (including China) with 52 countries. In addition, Pakistan is relatively active in regional economic cooperation. So far, it has signed free trade agreements with Sri Lanka, China, Malaysia, SAARC and other countries and regional organizations, and has signed preferential trade arrangements with Iran, Mauritius, the Islamic Development Group of Eight and other countries and organizations. Most of the above trade agreements have already been implemented.

At present, there are still many problems and bottlenecks in Pakistan's investment environment, such as power shortages and relatively backward infrastructure construction; high inflation and rising operating costs; in addition, political turmoil and severe security situation have also affected Investment prospects in Pakistan.

The World Economic Forum ’s 2015-2016 Global Competitiveness Report shows that Pakistan ranks 126th among the 140 most competitive countries and regions in the world. According to the World Bank's 2016 Global Business Environment Report, Pakistan ranked 138th.

Domestic enterprises that have already invested in Pakistan or are going to invest and start businesses in Pakistan must make full use of Pakistan ’s natural resources, market space, diplomatic resources and labor advantages, seize the strategic opportunities of Pakistan ’s economic development, and carry out various modes of investment cooperation Judging carefully the safety risks of the market, trying to solve the problem of safety footing and safe development, better adapting to Muslim religious culture, integrating into the local society more comprehensively, managing Chinese and foreign employees more scientifically, and creating a harmonious corporate culture atmosphere, To protect the foundation industry evergreen, to achieve mutual benefit and common development.

4. Diplomatic relations between Pakistan and China

(1) China-Pakistan relations in history

China and Pakistan are both ancient civilizations and friendly neighbors that depend on mountains and waters. The two peoples have a long tradition of friendship and a history of friendly exchanges of more than two thousand years or more.

Since the Western Han Dynasty, the peoples of the two countries have had extensive and direct exchanges and cooperation in many aspects such as religion, politics, economy, philosophy, science and technology, and literature and art. The "Silk Road" in ancient China reached the South Asian subcontinent through Central Asia, and became a main channel for economic exchanges between China and Pakistan through the Northwest at that time. With the development of science and technology and nautical technology, cultural and economic exchanges between China's southeastern coastal area and the east coast of Pakistan through sea routes have also developed, and are called the "Marine Silk Road". In the 2000-year history of Sino-Pakistani cultural exchanges, the economic and trade exchanges between the two countries have become an important part of this cultural exchange, and have also played an important role in promoting the social and economic development of the two countries.

In addition to the two Silk Roads mentioned above, the Southwest Silk Road is also very important for connecting China and Pakistan.

During this period, China and Pakistan were far away from each other, and there was no conflict of actual interests. In general, the relationship is friendly and emotionally intimate.

China-Pakistan border
During the Bandung Conference in April 1955, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai met with Pakistani Prime Minister Muhammad Ali
On March 4, 1965, Mao Zedong met with President Mohamed Ayub Khan of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Zhou Enlai Street
In April 2015, President Xi Jinping visited Pakistan. Pakistani President Hussein and Prime Minister Sharif held a grand welcome ceremony for President Xi Jinping
On April 21, 2015, Chinese President Xi Jinping delivered an important speech in the Pakistani Parliament entitled "Building a Community of Destiny for China and Pakistan and Opening a New Journey for Cooperation and Win-Win"

(2) The diplomatic relations between Pakistan and China after the establishment of new China

Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Pakistan in 1951, the relationship between the two countries has gone through a tortuous process, from opposition to lingering, to friendly cooperation and in-depth exchanges.

As one of the countries with relatively close and stable relations with China, Pakistan also has the dual status of "religious country" and "old American ally". From the tension and opposition in the bipolar pattern to the close cooperation in the new century, China-Pakistan relations are constantly being explored, developed, and consolidated under the traction of national interests and friendship. Pakistan is one of the South Asian countries that established diplomatic relations with China earlier. The development of relations between the two countries has become increasingly intimate after a period of friction and exploration. Looking back on the diplomatic history of China and Pakistan, we can find that the development of relations between the two countries can be roughly divided into the following three stages.

1. From 1947 to the early 1950s: China-Pakistan's respective alliance relationship made the relationship cold

After Pakistan's independence, compared with India, it is obviously at a disadvantage in terms of land area, military strength and other aspects. Therefore, it is even more necessary to use external forces to strengthen its own security. As a result, Pakistan set its sights on the Western power, the United States. At the same time, the United States, which is in a bipolar pattern, also needs to seek strategic partners to contain the Soviet Union and China. Therefore, after maintaining a short diplomatic neutrality, Pakistan joined the two military alliances of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization and the Central Treaty Organization led by the United States.

The alliance between Pakistan and the United States has been influenced by the United States. Pakistan's attitude towards China has once become tougher, and it has restricted the exchanges between the two peoples.

Despite this, Pakistan realized in the first defeat of India and Pakistan in the battle for Kashmir in October 1947: "Improving relations with China will undoubtedly focus Pakistan on concentrating on its main rival, India." The relaxation of relations with China.

2. Early 1950s-early 1960s: the wandering and contradiction of Sino-Pakistani relations

At this stage, Pakistan 's relaxation from China to hesitation was mainly caused by Pakistan' s desire for the protection of its territorial interests and its diplomatic restrictions on the United States.

On the one hand, after the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Pakistan, the economy first developed rapidly: China became the second largest buyer of Pakistani cotton in 1951, and jumped to the top in 1952. In March 1953, China and Pakistan signed a trade agreement on cotton and coal, which is an important measure for China and Pakistan to build trust and improve relations. Economic ties have gradually paved the way for diplomacy, and the exchange of visits between Chinese and Pakistani leaders in 1956 pushed forward bilateral relations .

On the other hand, Pakistan has not given up following the United States. From 1953 to 1960, Palestine opposed China's membership of the United Nations for eight years, and also echoed the United States on China's Taiwan and Tibet issues. Moreover, the early establishment of the US-Pakistan alliance still poses a certain threat to China ’s own security. Therefore, although Pakistan wants to seek help from neighboring countries on the Kashmir issue, considering the influence of the United States, China-Pakistan relations have not made much progress. In the 1959 rebellion in Tibet, Pakistan even advocated "Indo-Pakistani joint defense" to contend with China. Naturally, bilateral relations fell to the bottom.

3. Since the beginning of the 1960s, China-Pakistan relations have established strong friendship after undergoing tests

In the decades after the alliance between Pakistan and the United States, the Second India-Pakistan War made India a new chess piece of the United States in the strategic position of South Asia. Since then, the United States has gradually paid less attention to Pakistan than India. This "reprint of light bus" policy is particularly noticeable in the US economic and military assistance to India and Pakistan. The United States and Pakistan have serious differences in the amount of aid, and Pakistan has serious doubts about the US-India relations. All these fully reflect Pakistan's serious distrust of the United States. And US aid to India has made Pakistan 's fear of India' s armed forces even more obvious.Under such circumstances, Pakistan has to consider seeking support from other major powers, especially China, which has always been lukewarm with Pakistan. In addition, the Sino-Indian border war in October 1962 gave China-Pakistan relations another opportunity for improvement. In 1963 , Pakistan and China signed the "Sino-Pakistani Boundary Agreement", and Pakistan became a country that established direct routes with China instead of communism.

At the same time, Pakistan believes that the US policy of key aid to India will not change in a considerable period ... Pakistan-US contradictions cannot be resolved, and they will even develop sharply. The rise of US-India relations has made the US policy of "reprinting light buses" more and more obvious. This makes Pakistan think that following the US is not a long-term and wise choice, so it is more eager to improve China-Pakistan relations. When the US-Pakistan relations are constantly estranged, China-Pakistan relations have ushered in the climax of the development of relations since the establishment of diplomatic relations. Therefore won the trust of Pakistan.

Since then, China-Pakistan relations have continued to develop in a stable direction. Although it was influenced by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the U.S.-made public opinion attempts to differentiate China, Pakistan has faced pressure and supported China with a firm stand. These tests have made China-Pakistan relations more intimate. With firmness. With the reform and opening up and the development of the times, the bipolar pattern has evolved into a multi-polar development, and the issues involved in China-Pakistan exchanges have become more and more complicated and numerous. Although the two countries have established a profound friendship, there are still many problems that have been caused due to differences in ideology, international relations, and other positions. In particular, national division and terrorism are countries that today have to worry about. Security risks. Although it cannot be completely eradicated in a short period of time, as the exchanges between China and Pakistan deepen, the friendship between the two countries will become deeper and deeper.

(3) Diplomatic relations with China since the 21st century

Since the 21st century, China-Pakistan relations have been increasingly strengthened. In international affairs, the two sides support each other and cooperate actively, which has become an important factor in maintaining peace and stability in the Asian region. The two countries have all-weather traditional friendship and all-round cooperative relations. Mutually beneficial cooperative relations in various fields continue to develop. President Hu Jintao evaluated the two countries as "good neighbors, good friends, good partners, and good brothers." In 2004, the "Zhou Enlai Avenue" was built in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan.

In December 2010, on the eve of the 60th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries, Premier Wen Jiabao paid an official visit to Pakistan and jointly announced 2011 as the "China-Pakistan Friendship Year" with the Pakistani Prime Minister. The two countries held a series of commemorative and celebration activities to further The traditional friendship and pragmatic cooperation between the two countries have been consolidated and deepened. In June 2012, President Zardari came to China to attend the SCO leaders' meeting. In May 2013, Premier Li Keqiang paid a state visit to Pakistan, and the two countries issued a joint statement on deepening their comprehensive strategic cooperation. In July 2013 and February 2014, Pakistan ’s new Prime Minister Sharif and Pakistan ’s new President Mammun Hussein visited China respectively. In April 2014, Prime Minister Sharif came to China to attend the Boao Forum for Asia Annual Conference 2014. In May 2014, President Hussein came to China to attend the AsiaInfo Summit.

In April 2015, President Xi Jinping visited Pakistan to promote China-Pakistan relations to an all-weather strategic cooperative partnership. The term “all weather” means that China-Pakistan relations will not be affected by the alternation of domestic power and changes in the surrounding environment. This is unique in China ’s bilateral relations.

In December 2015, Pakistani President Hussain came to China to attend the Second World Internet Conference, and Prime Minister Sharif came to China to attend the 14th meeting of the Council of Heads of Government of Shanghai Cooperation Organization member states.

Among South Asian countries, Pakistan is the first country to recognize China's market economy status and the first country to establish a free trade zone with China.

5. Economic and trade relations between Pakistan and China
 

(1) Economic and trade relations with China after 1949



China-Pakistan economic and trade cooperation has developed well. The two countries have established trade relations since the early 1950s. In January 1963, the two countries signed a trade agreement; in 1967, border trade was initiated; in October 1982, the two countries established the China-Pakistan Joint Economic and Trade and Scientific and Technological Cooperation Committee, which has held 14 meetings so far.



Although China and Pakistan had established economic and trade relations in the early 1950s, due to the lack of complementarity between the economies of China and Pakistan at that time, the trade volume was small. Due to the shortage of foreign exchange between China and Pakistan at that time, barter trade played a very important role in China-Pakistan trade. The barter trade volume stipulated in the barter trade agreement in 1952 was Pakistan ’s export of 97.2 million rupees of cotton to China. In 1968, the barter trade volume between China and Pakistan reached US $ 14.5 million, and in 1979 it rose to US $ 48 million. In 1969, China and Pakistan signed a border trade agreement and started border trade. After the opening of the Karakoram Highway in 1978, the border trade between Xinjiang and Northern Pakistan increased significantly. The annual border trade volume increased from 240,000 rupees in 1970 to 3.9 million rupees in 1983 and 4,000 in 1988 Ten thousand rupees.



In the 1990s, although the value of China-Pakistan merchandise trade increased, the growth was not large and fluctuated. In 1990, it was US $ 585 million. In 1999, it increased by US $ 971 million, of which China exported US $ 581 million and imported 390 million US dollars. .



(2) China-Pakistan economic and trade relations since the 21st century



Since the beginning of the 21st century, China and Pakistan have actively expanded economic ties and adopted a series of strategic measures and institutional arrangements to promote economic and trade development between the two countries. In November 2006, the China-Pakistan Economic and Trade Cooperation Five-Year Development Plan and the China-Pakistan Free Trade Area Agreement were signed. Pakistan became the first South Asian country to recognize China's market economy status and the first to sign a free trade agreement with China. country. In 2009, the "China-Pakistan FTA Service Trade Agreement" was signed, becoming the first country to sign a service trade agreement with China. Signed the "Supplementary Agreement on the Five-year Development Plan for China-Pakistan Economic and Trade Cooperation" in December 2011, and the "Common Aspiration to Deepen China-Pakistan Strategic Partnership in the two countries issued a "China-Pakistan Joint Statement on Deepening China-Pakistan Strategy and Economic Cooperation", proposing to accelerate the construction of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, which will further strengthen the economic complementarity of the two countries and promote further economic and trade cooperation between the two countries. development of.



【Bilateral Trade】 Sino-Pakistani trade has certain complementarities, and the cooperation space and potential are large. In recent years, the growth rate of bilateral trade has remained above 10%. At present, China has become Pakistan's second largest trading partner. China ’s export commodities to Pakistan are increasingly diversified, and the proportion of electromechanical products is increasing year by year. However, the types of Chinese imports from Pakistan have not changed much, and they still remain in traditional commodities. China ’s main export commodities to Pakistan are: machinery and equipment, steel and its products, chemicals, electronic appliances, computers and communications products, fertilizers and agricultural products, among which machinery and equipment account for nearly 40%. Pakistan ’s main export commodities to China are: cotton yarn, cotton cloth, rice, ore and leather, among which cotton yarn accounts for more than half. In recent years, with the expansion of bilateral trade scale, trade disputes have also shown an upward trend, and Chinese-funded enterprises should attach great importance to it.



From 2000 to 2015, China's trade with Pakistan increased from 1.163 billion US dollars to 18.956 billion US dollars, with an average annual growth rate of 20.45%, of which exports increased from 670 million US dollars to 16.48 billion US dollars, with an average annual growth rate of 23.8%. Imports increased from 490 million US dollars to 2.48 billion US dollars, with an average annual growth rate of 11.4%. This shows that China has always been in a state of trade surplus, and the gap is gradually expanding. Although China-Pakistan trade volume accounts for a small proportion of China's total trade volume, it shows an upward trend. The proportion of China-Pakistan trade volume in China's total trade volume in 2015 has nearly doubled compared with 2000, reaching 92% .From the perspective of Pakistan, China has become Pakistan's largest importer and second largest exporter. In terms of imports, exports and trade volume, the proportion of China-Pakistan trade volume in Pakistan's total trade volume is increasing year by year, and the increase is increasing. In 2010, imports, exports, and trade accounted for 2.61%, 3.90%, and 4.97% respectively. In 2015, these three accounted for 8.7%, 25.1%, and 19.6%, respectively.



According to statistics from China Customs, the bilateral trade volume between China and Brazil in 2015 was 18.927 billion US dollars, an increase of 18.3% year-on-year. Among them, China 's exports were US $ 16.45 billion, up 24.2% year-on-year; China 's imports were US $ 2.477 billion, down 10.1% year-on-year; the trade surplus was US $ 13.973 billion.



At present, China is Pakistan's second largest trading partner, and Pakistan is China's second largest trading partner and largest investment destination in South Asia.



[Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone] On November 26, 2006, the Haier-Ruba Economic Zone established by President Hu Jintao personally provided a new platform for Chinese enterprises to invest in Pakistan. Located in Lahore, Pakistan 's second largest city, this zone is one of the first batch of “China's Overseas Economic and Trade Cooperation Zones” approved by the Chinese Ministry of Commerce and the “Pakistan-China Special Economic Zone” approved by the Pakistani government. One of the key projects planned. The Haier -Ruba Economic Zone provides a new platform for Chinese companies to invest in Pakistan.The key industries in this area are small household appliances and power generation equipment, automobiles, motorcycles and accessories, chemical industry, packaging and printing industry, etc. Haier promotes the concept of health, efficiency, energy saving and environmental protection in Pakistan, and provides Pakistani consumers with products that meet their needs. The strategic concept of jointly building the "Silk Road Economic Belt" will bring tremendous support and help to the Haier-Ruba Economic Zone and even the entire Pakistan in terms of science and technology and talents.



[Contracted Labor Services] Pakistan is one of the key markets for China's foreign contracted projects. In recent years, more and more Chinese companies have entered Pakistan and actively participated in the implementation of projects in Pakistan's communications, oil and gas exploration , power, water conservancy, transportation, airports, ports, housing construction, resource development and other fields, with good results.According to statistics from the Ministry of Commerce of China, in 2015, Chinese companies signed contracts with Brazil in the amount of US $ 12.18 billion, a year-on-year increase of 377.6%, and turnover was US $ 5.16 billion, a year -on-year increase of 21.6%. As of the end of December 2015, Chinese companies have signed contracts in Brazil The contract value of the project is US $ 45.45 billion and the turnover is US $ 33.08 billion. As of the end of December 2015, there were 9515 Chinese laborers in Pakistan.Newly-signed large-scale engineering contracting projects include the China Road and Bridge Construction Karakorum Highway Upgrade and Transformation Phase II Project, China Construction Contracting Karachi to Lahore Expressway (Sukur to Multan Section), China Railway 20th Bureau Contracting Karachi to Lahore Seoul Expressway ( Apdul Hajim to Lahore) etc.



[Investment in Pakistan] Before 2007, China's total investment in Pakistan was only 108 million US dollars. In 2007, driven by the agreement on economic and trade cooperation between the two governments, China's investment in Pakistan jumped.In January 2007, China Mobile acquired an 88.88% stake in Pakistan's Paktel Mobile Communications Company for US $ 460 million, and then acquired and invested hundreds of millions of dollars to rebuild and expand its network facilities. In May 2014, China Mobile won the Pakistani 3G license and 4G license auction; in 2008, the China Development Bank and the Pakistan Ministry of Finance jointly invested US $ 200 million to establish the China-Pakistan Joint Investment Company; in May 2011, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China invested US $ 50 million to establish two branches in Karachi and Islamabad in Pakistan; In September 2011, Hong Kong-listed company United Energy Group, which is controlled by Oriental Group, successfully acquired all assets of BP Pakistan. The actual investment of the company in Pakistan has exceeded US $ 1 billion.With the advancement of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, Chinese investment in Pakistan will increase substantially. According to statistics from the Chinese Ministry of Commerce, China 's direct investment in Pakistan in 2015 was US $ 321 million. As of the end of 2015 , China 's direct investment in Pakistan was US $ 4.036 billion.



[Aid to Pakistan] Pakistan is an important aid recipient country for China. Since 1956, China has provided Pakistan with economic and technical assistance within its capacity, mainly including free assistance, interest-free loans and preferential loans. Major aid projects include: Karakoram Highway, Taksiela Heavy Machinery Factory, Jinnah Stadium, Gwadar Port, Pakistan-China Friendship Center, water damaged road repair, parliament solar photovoltaic power generation, etc.

 [China-Pakistan Currency Swap Agreement] On December 23, 2011, the People ’s Bank of China and the Central Bank of Pakistan signed a China-Pakistan bilateral local currency swap agreement with a swap scale of 10 billion yuan / 1400 billion rupees. Both parties agree to extend the period.



[Sino-Pakistan Financial Cooperation] In recent years, the banking cooperation between China and Pakistan has developed rapidly. At present, Pakistan ’s National Bank, Askari Bank, and United Bank (UBL) have set up representative offices in Beijing. Habib Bank opened the first branch of Pakistan Bank in China in Urumqi, Xinjiang. In April 2015, during President Xi ’s visit to Pakistan, the two sides signed The "Protocol on Banking Services in the Free Trade Zone Service Trade Agreement" promotes the cooperation and development of the financial industries of the two countries under the FTA framework. The China Development Bank and Pakistan jointly established a China-Pakistan Joint Investment Company in Pakistan, and sent a working group to be permanently stationed in Pakistan; the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Karachi branch and its Islamabad branch started operations in May 2011, and in April 2015 Opened a branch in Lahore.



(3) Economic and trade agreement signed with China



1. China and Pakistan sign a bilateral investment protection agreement



In February 1989, China and Pakistan signed the "Bilateral Investment Protection Agreement"; in November 2006, the "Free Trade Agreement" signed by both parties also made clear provisions for bilateral investment protection; in October 2008, the two parties signed the "Free Trade Agreement" In the Supplementary Protocol to the Agreement, Pakistan has specifically granted 12 preferential policies to the China-Pakistan Investment Zone.



In November 1989, China and Pakistan signed the "Agreement on Avoiding Double Taxation on Income and Preventing Tax Evasion".



2. Other agreements signed between China and Pakistan



Other major bilateral economic and trade agreements signed by China and Pakistan are: "Agreement on Customs Cooperation and Mutual Assistance" signed in April 2005, "Framework Agreement on Cooperation in the Energy Field" signed in February 2006 and "Expanding and Deepening Bilateral Economic and Trade Cooperation "Agreement, the Five-year Development Plan for China-Pakistan Economic and Trade Cooperation signed in November 2006 and the China-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement, the Framework Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Minerals signed in 2007, and the China- Pakistan signed in February 2009 Free Trade Zone Service Trade Agreement, and the renewal of the "Five-Year Development Plan for China-Pakistan Economic and Trade Cooperation" in December 2011.



3. Other relevant protection policies



In April 2015, China and Pakistan signed and issued a "Joint Statement on the Establishment of an All-weather Strategic Partnership". The two sides will further strengthen strategic communication and collaboration to safeguard the common interests of the two countries.



(4) Matters needing attention in doing business in Pakistan



1. Investment



(1) Obey the overall situation. Pakistan is particularly friendly to China and has high expectations for Chinese companies to invest in Pakistan. Chinese companies investing in Pakistan should focus on the overall situation, consider long-term considerations, insist on mutual benefit and win -win results, strengthen coordination and communication with their Pakistani partners, consciously assume the necessary social responsibilities, and avoid local partners or Residents and religious groups have friction and disputes.



(2) Entering the village to follow the customs. Pakistan is an Islamic country. To carry out investment cooperation in Pakistan, we must not only study the local laws and regulations seriously, be familiar with the local cultural environment and customs, operate legally, but also respect local religious customs.



Safety first. In recent years, Pakistan's security situation has been severe, with terrorist attacks and criminal cases frequently occurring in certain areas. Before investing, companies should carefully inspect the market and seek advice from the Chinese Embassy in Pakistan on business and counseling , and choose a relatively safe investment location. After the investment, localized operations should be carried out as much as possible to reduce the number of Chinese personnel in Pakistan, and attention should be paid to strengthen the security of the resident and production and business sites .



2. Trade



(1) Pay attention to the impact of the political and economic situation on bilateral trade. Pakistan's political situation is turbulent, and the economy is greatly affected by external factors. Chinese companies should always pay attention to Pakistan's political, economic and security situation, debt status, state and bank credit ratings, inflation, and exchange rate changes to reduce operational risks.



(2) Avoid trade disputes. The business reputation of Pakistani businessmen is generally good, but Sino-Pakistani trade disputes have been on the rise in recent years and should be more vigilant. To this end, Chinese companies are reminded to pay attention to the following points: ① choose good trading partners through appropriate channels; ② understand local foreign trade, customs, ports and other relevant policies and regulations; ③ reduce the potential risks of contract terms, keep the contract, and keep fair and reasonable terms Undertake trade activities; ④ attach importance to the selection of foreign collection banks and freight forwarders; ⑤ improve the quality of business personnel.



(3) Make full use of the Pakistan Chamber of Commerce to carry out work. The Pakistan Chamber of Commerce has a very important position in Pakistan's foreign trade activities. The powerful importers and exporters are all members of the Chamber of Commerce. Enterprises can directly contact the relevant chambers of commerce to obtain more comprehensive information.

 3. Prevent investment cooperation risks



In the process of investment, trade, contracted projects and labor service cooperation in Pakistan, special attention should be paid to pre-investigation, analysis, and assessment of related risks. Risk evasion and management should be done during the event to effectively protect its own interests. Including the credit investigation and evaluation of the project or trading customers and related parties, the analysis and avoidance of the political and commercial risks of the project location, and the feasibility analysis of the project itself. Enterprises should actively use insurance, guarantee, bank, and other insurance financial institutions and other professional risk management institutions to protect their own interests, including trade, investment, contracted projects and labor service credit insurance, property insurance, personal safety insurance, etc. Factoring business and Forfeiting business, various types of guarantee business (government guarantee, commercial guarantee, guarantee letter), etc.

6. Pakistan's relationship with the "Belt and Road"
 

With the comprehensive advancement of the “Belt and Road” strategy, China and the countries along the Belt and Road will increase their cooperation space and potential in the future. Pakistan is an important gateway for China to the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf, and its strategic position is very important. It is an important fulcrum for the construction of the “Belt and Road” in South Asia. Pakistan is a traditional friendly neighbor of China. The “Belt and Road” strategic initiative proposed by China is in the overall interest of Pakistan and has received a positive response from Pakistan.



(1) Pakistan plays an important role in the “Belt and Road” initiative



1. Pakistan ’s strategic position is very important



In terms of geographic location, Pakistan is an important country along the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road”.



Pakistan is located in the northern Arabian Sea, close to the Persian Gulf exit, between the first route of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the first route of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Economic Belt. It is an important part of the Silk Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. The meeting point can become the connecting country of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.



In particular, Gwadar Port in Balochistan Province, southwestern Pakistan, guards many important international routes from Africa and Europe via the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf to East Asia and the Pacific. It is located away from the Strait of Hormuz, the main global oil supply channel. It is only about 400 kilometers, and 40% of the world ’s oil transportation and about 60% of China ’s oil imports are transported through this channel. The strategic position is very important.



For China, Gwadar Port is a shortcut for oil transportation from Europe to China, avoiding the bypass to the Strait of Malacca. If a strategic channel connecting Gwadar Port and Karachi Port in southern Pakistan through the entire north and south of Pakistan, passing through southern China and reaching northern Xinjiang is built, the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road will be effectively connected and can play a greater role. Leading role in development.



In 2001, China began to assist the construction of Gwadar Port, agreeing to invest one-fifth of the construction of Gwadar Port's first-phase project, and sent 450 engineering and technical personnel to participate in the construction. , and China's total investment in Gwadar Port is planned to be US $ 1.62 billion. In February 2015, Zhuhai City and Gwadar City signed a memorandum and concluded a friendship city, which took the lead in participating in the construction of C-Pec and the “Belt and Road” initiative.



Gwadar Port is not only a supply station and transit base for China in the Indian Ocean, but China can also rely on Gwadar Port as a way to leave the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts. The port can become an important supporting point for the “Belt and Road” strategy and play an important supporting role for the “Belt and Road” strategy. At the same time, Gwadar Port and Karachi Port are Pakistan ’s two important port cities on the Arabian Sea, and they can also serve as Pakistan ’s foreign trade ports, driving the development and prosperity of Pakistan ’s vast interior.
2. The political role of Pakistan is very important



Pakistan has the following important political characteristics:



First, Pakistan is an Islamic country. Among the countries along the “Belt and Road”, the Islamic countries and the countries with greater Islamic influence account for the majority. A good relationship with Pakistan can become an important example of developing friendly relations with other Islamic countries.



Second, Pakistan is an important developing country. Pakistan is the second largest country in South Asia except India, and has huge economic development potential. Pakistan ’s total GDP not only ranks second in South Asia, but it is also at the upper middle level compared to other countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt, after China, India, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and other large countries.



Third, Pakistan is an important political bridge country. Pakistan is politically located among major powers, and maintains friendly relations with major powers such as the United States, China, and Russia, and can play a political role as a bridge between different powers.



Fourth, Pakistan is the gateway to South Asia. Pakistan is located at the junction of Central Asia, West Asia and South Asia, and has close political, economic and cultural relations with different geopolitical sectors.



In short, Pakistan is in a sensitive position of national power relations and geopolitics, and more importantly: Pakistan firmly establishes good relations with China. Therefore, developing friendly relations with Pakistan is conducive to providing a role model for developing relations with other countries. If Pakistan develops and prosperes under China ’s “Belt and Road” concept, and easing its relations with neighboring countries due to economic development and making regional tensions stabilize and ease, China ’s “Belt and Road” strategy will become more convincing and inspiring It will also attract more countries to actively participate in the promotion and implementation of the “Belt and Road” strategy.



(2) Pakistan needs "Belt and Road"



The advancement of the “Belt and Road Initiative” requires Pakistan, and Pakistan needs the “Belt and Road Initiative” even more.



Pakistan ’s domestic problems have been raging in recent years: The Pakistani Taliban has frequently launched terrorist attacks and caused heavy casualties; Pakistan ’s internal ethnic power is strong, and the central government has weak control over tribal areas; the opposition party has continuously launched protests and demonstrations against the ruling party, and the domestic political situation Instability; China lacks related industries that can fully promote employment and development, and economic development is declining.



In terms of peripheral international relations, Pakistan ’s relations with India have not been effectively improved for a long time, and India and Pakistan often clash in Kashmir; relations with Afghanistan are also unstable because of repeated terrorist attacks between Pakistan and Afghanistan. People and Indians accuse Pakistan of terrorist attacks and instability in their countries .

Therefore, Pakistan can be described as a domestic and foreign trouble. China's "One Belt, One Road" development plan fully meets Pakistan's needs in all aspects. The Pakistani side hopes to seize the strategic opportunity period of the “Belt and Road” and the construction of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, take the express and free ride of China's economic development, and accelerate economic development.



Through the construction of the "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor", Pakistan is expected to become a Chinese commodity logistics center and commodity distribution center on the "Belt and Road". On the one hand, it can drive sales of goods and services to China and even transportation through Pakistan in South Asia, West Asia and the Middle East. To the Asia-Pacific region; on the other hand, with the geographical advantage of the "trade channel" between Chinese and Western commodities, Pakistan has brought commodities from China, South Asia, West Asia, and the Middle East to Pakistan, further promoting local economic development.



The construction of the "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor" is not only conducive to deepening China-Pakistan trade potential, but also conducive to improving the status of Pakistan's industry from the outside through industrial transfer. As the world's largest manufacturing production and processing base, China is currently facing a new round of industrial transfer and structural upgrades. At the same time, Pakistan's infrastructure upgrades, the increase in demand for light industrial commodities markets, further opening up to Chinese investment, and abundant labor resources , The gradient difference with the Chinese industry, etc., provides the basis and conditions for Pakistan to undertake the industrial transfer of China.



All of the above are conducive to greatly improving Pakistan's domestic economic and social security conditions, and at the same time promoting the improvement of relations with neighboring countries.



From the perspective of China-Pakistan relations, Pakistan is a traditional friendly country in China, and developing friendly and cooperative relations with China is the consensus of the Pakistani government and the opposition. According to the Pakistani side, "Friendship with China is the cornerstone of Pakistan ’s foreign policy." When President Xi Jinping visited Pakistan in April 2015, during a meeting with Pakistani Prime Minister Sharif, Sharif pointed out that "Pakistan supports China's" Belt and Road "initiative and will actively participate in the construction of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.

(3) China-Pakistan cooperation path based on the “Belt and Road”



1. Build a transportation network connecting Pakistan and Xinjiang, China



One of the main goals of the “Belt and Road” strategy is to expand regional transportation capacity by effectively connecting regional transportation networks. In order to effectively connect the “Silk Road Economic Belt” and the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road”, it is also The southern Xinjiang region of Xinjiang, China, has opened an estuary facing the Indian Ocean. Our country needs to assist Pakistan in constructing a strategic channel connecting the “Belt and Road” that runs through the entire northern and southern borders of China and southern China.



The construction of a strategic channel connecting Pakistan and China ’s Xinjiang can, on the one hand, connect the “Silk Road Economic Belt” and the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road”, and at the same time build a transportation artery that runs through the country ’s north and south. The important southern towns of Kashi, Hotan and other places opened the estuary facing the Indian Ocean.



2. Vigorously build the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor"



It aims to expand bilateral exchanges and cooperation between China and Pakistan in the fields of transportation, energy, marine economy, etc. in order to strengthen China-Pakistan The mutual relations between the two countries and the promotion of common development. "



. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor will include 30 large-scale projects with a total investment of approximately US $ 32 billion."



In April 2015, President Xi Jinping visited Pakistan Stan. The leaders of China and Pakistan agreed to promote China-Pakistan relations to an all-weather strategic cooperative partnership. President Xi and Pakistani Prime Minister Sharif jointly announced the start of five major power projects, and signed 51 cooperation agreements and memorandums of understanding with Pakistan. The investment scale reached 46 billion US dollars, which is equivalent to three times the total foreign investment received by Pakistan in the past 8 years. .



On April 27, 2015, Vice Premier Zhang Gaoli of the State Council clearly announced for the first time in the keynote speech at the opening ceremony of the Asia-Europe Interconnection Industry Dialogue that China is planning to build six countries including the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor together with the countries along the “Belt and Road” The Great Economic Corridor and the Six Economic Corridors will become the material carriers of the Silk Road Economic Belt. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is regarded as the flagship project and model project of the “Belt and Road” initiative.



The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor has important strategic significance. This economic corridor can not only promote Pakistan's domestic economic development, but also create a large number of employment opportunities for Pakistan. At the same time, this economic corridor will also open the estuaries facing the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf in southern China, greatly facilitating the economic and trade exchanges between the formerly closed southern Xinjiang and the outside world, thereby effectively driving the economic development of China's southern Xinjiang inaccessible areas . At the same time, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor can also extend to Iran and Persian Gulf countries and benefit more regions and people. Upon completion, this corridor will not only become an important channel connecting China and Pakistan, but will also benefit about 3 billion people living in China, South Asia, Iran and the Persian Gulf.



3. Give play to Pakistan's active role in the SCO



The member states, observer states and dialogue partners of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization are all located on the “Belt and Road”, such as Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Belarus, India and Turkey are located in the “Silk Road Economic Belt” In the past, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Iran are on the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road". Therefore, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is a regional cooperation agency that can naturally rely on the "Belt and Road" strategy. The implementation of the "Belt and Road" strategy can fully leverage the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to better implement and implement it. China can strengthen cooperation with the countries along the “Belt and Road” within the framework of the existing SCO to further enhance the mutual trust between China and the SCO member countries, observers and dialogue partners along the “Belt and Road”.



In short, Pakistan and South Asia are indispensable places for the “Belt and Road” initiative. The peace, stability, development and prosperity of South Asia will provide a good geopolitical environment for the advancement and implementation of the “Belt and Road” strategy. Driven by the "Belt and Road" strategy, it has further developed and prospered. The key to peace and stability in South Asia lies in India and Pakistan. China should deepen cooperation with Pakistan and encourage Pakistan to use the opportunity of joining the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to properly handle disputes with its neighbors and carry out in-depth cooperation in various fields to achieve common prosperity and development in South Asia. The goal.

7.Future prospects of China-Pakistan relations
 

It can be predicted that in a long period of time in the future, the basic framework of the world will not change, the basic political structure of the South Asian subcontinent will not change, and the various problems faced by Pakistan will not improve rapidly. Dependence on China is still relatively strong, and China also needs Pakistan, so China-Pakistan relations will continue to develop.



With the continuous advancement of the "Belt and Road", the world's response to the "Belt and Road" development initiative will become increasingly widespread. With the continuous development of China-Pakistan relations, China's investment and assistance to Pakistan will also be deepened, which will bring more and greater development opportunities to Pakistan, and give China more space for development. It will become closer together with common development.