The Trojan War, which is often mentioned in Greek mythology, was caused by the competition for Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world. The Greek army headed by Agamemnon and Achilles attacked the city of Troy headed by Paris and Hector. Years of Siege Wars. According to legend, the ancestor of the Romans was the son of Anchises, king of the Trojan ally Dardanas. After the fall of Troy, Aeneas fled with his father and finally crossed the sea to Italy, where he married Lavigne, the daughter of the local king Latinus. After the death of Aeneas, his son Askanias built the city of Alba Longa in Latinum. After that, the throne was passed down from generation to generation, and when it reached Numitor, the throne was usurped by his brother Amulius. In order to secure the throne, Amulius forced Silvia, daughter of Numitor, to be a virgin of Vesta. But Sylvia was loved by the god of war and gave birth to a pair of twins. Amulius ordered the twins to be thrown into the Tiber River. The river floated the child to the shore. He was later brought up by a shepherd, Fasturus. The elder brother's name was Romulus, and the younger brother's name was Remus. The brothers killed Amulius and returned the throne to their maternal grandfather, building their own city elsewhere. In the process of building the city, there was a quarrel between the brothers. As a result, the brother killed his younger brother and named the city after himself, and the city of Rome was born. This day is April 21, 753 BC. In this way, as the anniversary of the founding of Rome, this day has become an indispensable festival every year in the long years of more than a thousand years.
On this day in 715 BC, Romulus was reviewing the army as usual. Suddenly the sky was overcast, and a storm poured down. The downpour obscured the view, and the deafening roar of thunder overwhelmed everything. When the rain passed, the people saw that the king's seat was empty, and Romulus was nowhere to be seen. There were rumors that the king was called to heaven by God. Everyone agrees with Romulus's achievements. So when misfortune suddenly came, people were in grief and decided to recognize Romulus as the father of the Roman state and worshipped him as a god. The elders came to Sabine's domain, found Numa, and conveyed to him the decision of the Senate, asking him to inherit the Roman throne. Numa initially refused to accept the request because he was now 40 years old. At that time, the age of 40 was no longer suitable to start a new life. However, unable to withstand repeated persuasion by the elders, Numa finally agreed and came to Rome with them. When Numa entered the city of Rome, he did not wear a military uniform, and no guards followed him with a king's scepter with a cudgel in his hand, but the image of a priest covering his head with a toga.
After ruling Rome for 43 years, Numa was probably invited by the goddesses to go to another world peacefully. After the death of the third king, Torres, Ancus Marcius became the fourth king of Rome after the election of the Curia Congress. After the death of Ancus Marcius, Tarquin Priscus volunteered to run for King of Rome. Presumably he was the first Roman to conduct electoral campaigns. At the General Assembly of Curia, Tarquin was elected as the new king by an absolute advantage, and the Senate also unanimously approved it. Later, two of Ankus' sons assassinated Tarquin, but they failed to take the throne. Because Tarquin's wife, upon learning of her husband's accident, immediately sent someone to call Tarquin's favorite Servius Turius to persuade him to seize the throne as soon as possible. In view of this situation, Servius did not pass the election of the Curia Assembly, but only passed the resolution of the Senate and ascended the throne, becoming the sixth king of Rome. Servius, who ruled Rome for about 44 years, was murdered by his son-in-law Lucius Tarquin Supeb. He became king without being appointed by the senate or the general assembly of citizens.
In 510 BC, the Romans expelled the tyrant Tarquin, ending the era of Roman kingship and establishing the Roman Republic. The Senate, which holds the real power of the state, is composed of nobles. The consuls are elected from the nobility by a centenary meeting and exercise the highest executive power. The tribal assembly consisted of male commoners and male nobles. For the first sixteen years after the expulsion of the king, Rome was plunged into a prolonged period of so-called "riots". In 494 BC, when Rome was at war with neighboring tribes, and the Roman civilians refused to fight and left Rome with arms, it was called the "civilian movement" in history. The powers of the assembly, the tribunes chosen by the commoners, were responsible for protecting the powers of the commoners from the aristocracy. In 471 BC, the Commonwealth was given the title Comitia Tributa, but its decisions were only valid for the commoners. In 454 BC Rome established a ten-member legislative council composed of nobles and commoners. In 451 BC, the ten-member Legislative Council promulgated a code and engraved it on 10 bronze tables, and in 450 BC, two more tables were added, which is the famous "Twelve Bronze Table Law". The Bronze Table Law abolished the restriction that commoners and nobles could not intermarry, which also marked the birth of Roman statute law. In 326 BC, debt slavery was abolished.
When Rome was founded, it was still a small country. Since the beginning of the 5th century BC, it has successively defeated some cities in the Latin League and its neighbors such as the Etruscans, and conquered the city-states of the natives and Greeks in the southern part of the Italian peninsula, becoming a great power in the western Mediterranean. In the 5th century BC - 396 BC, Rome went to war with the Etruscan city-state of Viai. In the end, Wei Ai was destroyed, and the Etruscans were devastated, but the territory of Rome doubled and became a powerful country in central Italy. In 390-331 BC, the Gauls invaded and razed the city of Rome, but were later defeated and expelled. For more than 700 years, Rome remained unconquered by foreigners.
From 264 BC to 146 BC, there were three wars between Rome and Carthage for hegemony on the Mediterranean coast, known as the Punic Wars. 4 Macedonian wars were launched from 215 BC to 148 BC. 264 BC - 241 BC - The First Punic War, mainly in naval battles in the Mediterranean. The war began in Sicily, and then the Romans attacked the land of Carthage, and Carthage was defeated. 218 BC - 201 BC The Second Punic War, was the most famous of the three. Carthage coach Hannibal led 60,000 troops across the Alps and invaded Rome. Rome sent troops to Carthage to land, Hannibal returned to help, Carthage was defeated, lost all its overseas territories, surrendered its ships, and paid indemnities to Rome. 215 BC - 204 BC - Roman defeat in the First Macedonian War. 200 BC - 197 BC Second Macedonian War Roman Victory. 171 BC - 168 BC Third Macedonian War Roman Victory. 149 BC - 148 BC Fourth Macedonian War Roman Victory. 149 BC - 146 BC, the third Punic War, Rome took the initiative to attack, besieged the city of Carthage for a long time, and finally, Carthage was defeated, conquered Carthage in 146 BC and made it a province of Rome - Province of Africa. After four Macedonian wars, Rome conquered Macedonia and controlled all of Greece. Through the Syrian war and diplomatic means, he controlled parts of West Asia and built a big country that spanned Africa, Europe, and Asia, and dominated the Mediterranean Sea.
During this period, the economy developed rapidly, but it also intensified social conflicts. From the 2nd century 30 BC to the 1st century 30 BC, historically known as the era of civil war, the Sicilian slave uprising, and the Spartak uprising broke out successively. Formed the struggle between bankrupt peasants and big landlords, the struggle between the powerless and those in power, and the struggle between the knights and the elders. And in 133 BC - 123 BC, the Gracchus reforms took place. In 107 BC, with the support of the democrats, Marius was elected consul and began to implement military reforms. He implemented a military recruitment system, which made a large number of landless or less landed citizens pour into the army. In the first 90 years, in order to fight for Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted, known as the Confederate War. In 82 BC, Sulla, supported by the noble faction, led his army to occupy Rome. The following year, the Citizens Assembly was forced to elect him dictator for life, setting a precedent for a military dictatorship in Roman history.
In the first 60 years, Crassus, Caesar, and Pompey formed a secret alliance to jointly control the political situation in Rome, known as the first three alliances in history. In 53 BC, Crassus died in peace. In the first 48 years, Julius Caesar defeated Pompey in the civil war and was declared a dictator for life, integrating military and political power. He carried out reforms, but because of his dictatorship, he aroused the hatred of political enemies. On March 15, 1944, he was assassinated by aristocratic conspirators. After Caesar's death, the Roman Civil War resumed. In the first 43 years, Antony, Lepida, and Octavian formed an open alliance and obtained the legal power to rule the country for 5 years. Then Octavian defeated the other two, and in 27 years ago, the Senate awarded Octavian the title of "Augustus", establishing a system of heads of state. Octavian became the de facto emperor, the Roman Republic ended, and ancient Rome entered the age of the Roman Empire.
CaesarIn AD 14, Octavian died and succeeded Tiberius, his son Tiberius. After Tiberius' death, the guards made Caligula emperor, the first time in Roman history that an army had established an emperor. After Caligula's death, the Guard installed his elderly uncle Claudius on the throne. After Claudius died, his adopted son Nero came to the throne. After Nero's death, the Senate recognized Servius Surpicius Galba Caesar Augustus as emperor. On July 1, 69 AD, the Roman general Vespasian proclaimed himself emperor with the support of the Danube Legion and the Legion of the Eastern Provinces. Then, the Flavian dynasty began.
OctavianIn 1979, Vespasian died and was succeeded by his son Titus. In 1981, Titus died and his younger brother Domitian came to the throne. After Domitian's death, the Senate elected the old and childless former consul Nerva as emperor, and the Antonine dynasty began. 8 years, Nerva died, Trajan ascended the throne. After Trajan's death, Hadrian came to the throne. In 138, Hadrian died and his adopted son Anthony Pius took the throne. In 161, Antonine Pius died, and the throne was succeeded by his two adopted sons, Verus and Marcus Aurelius. This was the first time in Roman history that two emperors ruled together. In 169, Verus died and the empire was restored to the status of an emperor. After the death of Marcus Aurelius, his son Commodus succeeded him.
After the death of Commodus, the Guard established the city governor Petinax. Petinax actively quelled Commodus's negative impact on the Empire, but when he tried to clean up the military, he was immediately killed by the Guards. After the death of Petinax, the Guards announced that the throne would be auctioned off, and the one who made the most bids could become the emperor. After competition among many people, Julianus bought the throne at a price that the Guards were satisfied with. But Julianus did not have a single follower, and the army treated him with disdain. The governor of Syria, Nigel, took the lead in proposing himself as emperor. Then, the governor of Pannonia, Severus, a North African, rebelled. He led his troops on a rapid march and quickly marched towards Rome. The morale of the guards was low and they were quickly defeated. The Senate instead declared Severus emperor. The Guards executed Julianus for Severus' forgiveness. After Severus entered Rome, he executed all the original guards on the charge of treason, and formed a larger new guard with his own soldiers. The Severus dynasty begins.
After Severus became emperor, he immediately went to war with Nigel, who was defeated at Issus in 194. After Severus' death, his two sons, Caracalla and Geta, ascended the throne at the same time. The following year, Caracalla killed Geta. In 217, Caracalla was killed by the Guards while he was on an expedition to Parthia. In 218, Severus' sister-in-law, Julia Misa, instigated a rebellion, and Macrinus and Diadumenian were both killed in Asia Minor. Misa made his thirteen-year-old grandson, Elagabalus, emperor. In 222, Misa acquiesced to the guards to kill Elagabalus and made another 14-year-old grandson, Alexander Severus, emperor. In 235, the army rebelled, Alexander Severus was killed, and the army made Maximinus emperor. In 238, the Senate secretly instructed the Guards to kill him. In the same year, the Senate introduced four emperors, all of whom were killed. Gordian III, who then ascended the throne, was only 13 years old and was a puppet of the Guards. In 244, the army supported the Arab Philip. In 249, the Arab Philip was killed by the rebel general Decius.
Decius was again killed in a war with the Goths in 251, and a prolonged plague broke out during the reign of Gallus, who came to the throne, and Gallus died at the hands of soldiers in 253. Valerian and Gallienus, who came to the throne, led two large armies, one against the Persians in the east and the other against the Germans in the west, which was the first to divide the empire from east to west. In 259, the general of the Rhine region, Posthumus, proclaimed himself emperor and established the Gallic Empire, including Gaul, Britain, and most of Spain. In 260, Valerian was captured while fighting the Persians, with unknown results. In 267, Palmyra in the east became independent, splitting off part of the eastern provinces. In 269, the Bagua movement broke out in Gaul, where slaves and slave farmers revolted. The insurgents established themselves as emperors and minted coins, which lasted until 286. Less than a year after Galienus reformed the military, he was killed by his subordinates, and Claudius II came to the throne. Claudius II died of the plague in 270 and Aurelian came to the throne. In 275, when Aurelian was killed in an expedition to Sassanid Persia, the Senate established Claudius Tacitus as emperor, the last time an emperor was elected by the Senate. Tacitus died a year after his reign, and the army supported Probus. In 282, Probus was killed and Marcus Aurelius Carus ascended the throne. In 283, Carus died violently and was succeeded by his son Carinus.
Maximian was born into a peasant family in the Simium region of the province of Illyria. He was illiterate, ignorant of the law, and clumsy. During the Crisis of the Third Century, he served in the army under Aurelian, Probus, and Callus. His military prowess lay in obedience rather than self-command, and although he may never have attained the attainments of a great general, with his bravery, perseverance, and experience, he was able to take charge of the most arduous military operations. During this period he worked with Diocletian. On November 20, 284 AD, Diocletian was elected consul by the Roman army; in the spring of 285, Carinus was defeated and killed near Belgrade, and Diocletian became the only emperor of the Roman Empire. Considering that the empire's territory was too vast and the state affairs were too complicated, Diocletian chose a loyal and experienced general like Maximian to share the responsibility to deal with the surging people's uprising and the threat of foreign aggression. He first gave Maximian the title of Caesar, and in 286 he was named Augustus. So Maximian officially became the deputy emperor of the Roman Empire and the co-ruler of Diocletian.
MaximianIn 292, Diocletian and Maximian chose two generals: Gaius Galerius Valerias and Flavias Valerias Constanti Uth I, respectively, adopted them as adopted sons and added the title of "Caesar". Each of the four of them commanded an imperial army. Diocletian directly controlled Thrace, Egypt, and Asia; Galerius was mainly responsible for the management of the Illyrian and Danube borders, with his capital at Siminan (near Belgrade in present-day Yugoslavia); Maximian Direct control of Italy and Africa, with the capital at Media Oranum (now Milan); Constantius I ruled Gaul, Britain, and Spain with the capital at Augusta Treveloram (ie Tego) you). Diocletian stipulated that the two Augustus (the emperor) in the east and the west each appoint a Caesar (the vice emperor). Augustus, and each of them appoints a Caesar. The implementation of the co-governance of the four emperors is not to split the empire into four parts but to entrust the defense of the empire to four people. Diocletian's status is still the highest among the four.
In 286, Maximian suppressed a peasant uprising in Gaul. In 295-297, Maximian led an army into northwestern Africa, driving these invaders back to their fortresses in deserts and mountains. Then he first occupied the fortified area of these "barbarian" people, and then moved them out of this area and settled them in another part of the empire. With the establishment and improvement of the organization, laws and regulations of the Roman Empire in the internal provinces, its internal stability was basically maintained, and the threat of foreign enemies was also eliminated in the border areas.
In 305, Diocletian decided to abdicate and achieve a smooth transition of the regime according to his original vision. He persuaded Maximian to retire with him. On May 1, 305, Maximian, following Diocletian's resignation as emperor in Milan, in accordance with an agreement already made. He immediately retired to a villa in Lucania. After Diocletian and Maximian abdicated, Constantius I succeeded Augustus in the west and Galerius in the east, and two new Caesars were appointed. Flavias Valerias Severus, mainly controlled Africa and Italy; the other was Gallerias Valerias Maximinus Dea, who controlled Thrace, Egypt, and Asia.
In 306, Constantius I died, and the Roman legions in Britain and Gaul named Constantine's son Constantine Augustus. Galerius reluctantly accepted Constantine's request, but only made him Caesar, and insisted that Severus be Augustus. It was also around this time that the Roman Guards embraced Maximian's son, Maxentius, as Augustus. However, Maxentius only accepted the title of Caesar, allowing his abdicated father, Maximian, who still wanted to be emperor, to restore his original title of Augustus. On October 28, Maxentius rallied several military tribunals in a rebellion, occupied Italy, and repulsed Severus. During this battle, the Praetorian Guards were bribed by Maxentius with money to support him instead. Also in this year, Constantine became Vice-Augustus, and at the same time recognized Maximian as Augustus. However, Emperor Galerius refused to recognize both Constantine and Maximian as legitimate.
MaxentiusIn 307, Galerius invaded Italy, and the two sides were at a stalemate. On September 16 of that year, Severus was executed in a small town on the Via Appia, 60 kilometers from Rome. In 308, Galerius appointed Lycinius to succeed the dead Severus as Augustus of Rome; and then appointed Maximinus as Augustus. Meanwhile, Maxentius, with the support of the Guards, ousted his father Maximian, calling himself Augustus. Constantine I only occupied Britain and Gaul at this time, and the rest was under the control of Maxentius.
Maximian refused to renounce his throne and fled to Gaul, turning to Constantine for help. In 308, under Diocletian's arbitration, five of the six contending Augustus were mediated, and an agreement was reached at Carnandon. Maximian abdicated again and remained at the court of Constantine. In 310, Constantine led an expedition against the Franks. Maximian, the old emperor, attempted to seize power while Constantine was away. Constantine returned immediately and drove Maximian from Allaires to Marseille, where he captured the old rival and his father-in-law. Maximian was forced to commit suicide.
During the reign of Maxentius, the tyrannical rule in Italy and Africa was unpopular. In 312, when Constantine the Great led his army into Italy, Maxentius was defeated and killed at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge on the outskirts of Rome.
Maximian had a rough character and showed no mercy. But these wicked qualities of Maximian just highlight the virtues of moderation and benevolence that Diocletian so eloquently displayed. Diocletian can fake Maximian's hand to dare some cruel and bloody actions that he doesn't want to show up. After achieving the goal, Diocletian came forward to mediate and stop it, and downplayed Maximian's severe actions. Criticize a few words, save a few people he has no intention of punishing, and thus highlight his kindness. In this regard, Mark and Mian have become his perfect tool. Maximian's life was a life of action, and a considerable part of his life was spent in the barracks, in the frequent long marches; but they all seemed more than willing to return when the business of the state allowed them some leisure. to their very beloved Milan residence.
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