The partition Western Roman Empire Rome began to eastern and western parts. In 395 AD

 Western Roman Empire

Western Roman Empire (in English: Western Roman Empire), 286 years by Diocletian the regime into two established tetrarchy, Rome began to eastern and western parts. In 395 AD, Theodosius I, the last emperor who unified the Roman Empire, died and divided the Roman Empire into two sons to inherit separately. Since then, the Roman Empire has officially split into the Eastern and Western Roman Empire. This year is often regarded as the Western Roman Empire. The year of the official establishment of the Roman Empire. The official name of the Western Roman Empire is the same as that of the Eastern Roman Empire. Both use the name "SPQR" (SPQR) from the Roman Republic. 410 AD, the Romans eyes of the "barbarian" Germanic of the Visigoths in the leader Alaric, led into Italy, the siege of the city of Rome. With the cooperation of the slaves in the city, the city gates were opened and plundered away. After that, the Visigothic kingdom was established in the Western Roman Empire. In 476 AD, the German Odoac , the leader of the Roman mercenaries, deposed the last Western Roman emperor Romulus Augustus, and the Western Roman Empire fell. Odoac controlled all of Italy in 476. Historian Edward Gibbon will be given the demise of the Western Roman Empire in the West 476 September 4 Roman emperor Romulus Augustus was Aoduoyake when the abdication of coercion, or set in the year 480 the emperor Julius Nepos After death. Due to the great influence of the Roman Empire in European history, when the Western Roman Empire fell in 476 AD, Europe entered the Middle Ages.

History

In the external expansion during the Republican period, the city ​​of Rome was the center, but it also made it impossible to control the more remote provinces. Communication and transportation became the empire’s primary problems. New invasions, riots, natural disasters, and infectious diseases often resorted to Ships or post stations spread to the provinces of Rome, so Rome must assign a governor to each province. The early establishment of the territory of the empire was inherited from the Republic and the Second Triumvirate territory: Mark Antony, Octavian, and mine will be reached (Latin: M · AEMILIVS · M · F · Q · N · LEPIDVS, about 89 former Years to the previous 12 years or the previous 13 years). East of the Empire occupied by Anthony ~ Achaia, Macedonia, Epirus (equivalent to Greece, Albania, and part of Croatia in the 21st century ), Bithynia, Pontus, and Asia Provinces (Turkey in the 21st century) today’s Turkey, Syrian provinces, and Cyprus provinces. These territories cover the territories conquered by the ancient Macedonian Empire. Therefore, most of the nobles came from the territory of Greece. Influenced by Hellenization. Octavian occupies the western part of the Empire— Italian provinces (today Italy ), Gaul provinces (today France), Gaul Belgium (today’s low countries), and Spain provinces (today’s the Iberian Peninsula ). The territory includes the Mediterranean coast of Greece and other places, the Celtic settlements, such as the Gauls and the Celtic Iberians, as well as occupying parts of the province of Africa (today Tunisia), in addition to The Province of Sicily (Sicily today). After defeating Antony, the victorious Octavian unified Rome. At that time, the empire was full of various local cultures. This was called Romanization. When the Greek culture of the East met the Latin culture of the West, they merged, which affected politics, The development of the economy and the military, and the final division of the empire was thus divided. In 284 AD, the Roman Empire was in constant civil strife, and foreign enemies also invaded one after another. Moreover, the soldiers were overbearing and frequently intervened in the abolition of the emperor. So the new emperor Diocletian after taking office, knowing a person unable to deal with slave revolt and the eastern frontier empire all over the country like a tidal alien invasion, so the western half of the Roman Empire (ie Italy, Spain, Gaul, Britain, China and the EU, North Africa) was put under the rule of his friend Maximian, and he himself ruled the eastern half of the Roman Empire (that is, the Balkans, Southeast Europe, Asia Minor, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Egypt). The two also set up deputy positions respectively, and the four people govern the country together, which is known as the four emperors co-ruling system in history .

Followed by Roman Emperor Constantine I moved the capital to Constantinople and Rome uniform, but sharing together is between the 3rd century to the 5th century AD and the presence of intermittent empire stuff. In 395 AD, Theodosius I, the last unifying emperor of the Roman Empire, made his last words and divided the empire into his two sons according to Diocletian’s rules. The eastern part was given to the eldest son Arcadius. Part of it was given to the youngest son, Honorius, to be managed separately. The capital of the Western Roman Empire was Mediolanu (Mediolanum, present-day Milan ). The Eastern Roman Empire (later called the Byzantine Empire) had its capital Constantinople (now Istanbul ). Since then, the Roman Empire has been permanently divided. As soon as the Western Roman Empire was established, it was continuously invaded by the Gothic leader Alaric. The Eastern Roman Empire was busy fighting the Vandals and Persia and was unable to rescue them. In 408 AD Alaric led troops to attack the Italian peninsula and approached the city of Rome. Emperor Honorius went into hiding. So Alaric’s barbarian army surrounded Rome, causing a plague outbreak in Rome, and the Senate had to hand it over. 5,000 pounds of gold, 30,000 pounds of silver, and numerous gold and silver jewels came out for peace. In 409 AD Alaric once again surrounded the city of Rome and drove away from the Western Roman Emperor Honorius. Fortunately, the Eastern Roman Emperor Arcadius supported him with brotherhood, and Honorius managed to keep the throne. In 410 AD, Alaric captured the city of Rome, and the barbarian army killed and plundered the city for three days and returned with great success. The city of Rome was severely destroyed. From 423 AD to 425 AD, Joannes was adopted as emperor by the Western Roman army, which aroused strong dissatisfaction from Eastern Rome. The famous Eastern Roman Empire Aspar led his army to defeat the Western Roman army and set up Valentinian III as the Western Roman Emperor, which stabilized the political situation in Western Rome for 30 years. However, after the Vandals established the Vandal-Alan Kingdom in 439 AD, the Alan Kingdom had a powerful navy and kept attacking the Western Roman Empire by sea. They attacked the city of Rome again in 455 AD, and the city suffered devastating damage. There were still 7,000 people left in the city after the catastrophe. The emperor of the Western Roman Empire was killed. In 445 AD, the Huns Attila invaded the Western Roman Empire.

Political development

Rebellions and uprisings in conquered areas are common at the end of the empire. Conquered tribes and cities often have uprisings. The army often conflicts with themselves and uprisings lead to military changes. It may be just a simple process of suppression in peacetime, but at There is no doubt that there will be more fuel during the war . The best example is the Jewish War . When the war broke out, there were usually more generals (e.g. Vespasian ) leading the army than in peacetime. In order to ensure the loyalty of the commander, his family would be held hostage. In the end, Nero took control of Domitian and Kunming. Tus, they were Vespasian ’s son and brother-in-law. The only remaining Guards also rebelled against him at the end of Nero’s reign, so that Nero’s throne could only fall to Servius Sue. In the hands of Erpiquius Garba, the most commonly quoted metaphor by the Janissaries is: " The Sword of Damocles ", which is also regarded as a representative of loyalty and worry. It can be seen that legions on the frontier tend to join. civil war. The main enemy of the Western Roman Empire was the Germans . They lived on the banks of the Rhine and Danube near the borders of the empire . Octavian tried to defeat them, but they were completely wiped out at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest . The Parthian Empire in the east became a strong enemy on the other side. The country was far away and its national strength was so strong that it was never conquered. Every incursion of the Parthian Empire into the eastern part of the empire was repelled, but Anxi also successfully defeated the Roman offensive many times. There are also a few records of Rome's victory, such as Trajan , Aurelius, and Severus. However, these new territories that are too far away from Rome can only be given up to ensure peace with Rest. It is relatively easy to control the western territory of the original Roman Empire because the Germans are not united internally like the Parthians, but in any case, when war breaks out on both sides, it is difficult to control. If the emperor is in the east, of course, he will control the area. The power is relatively strong and weak to the west, and vice versa. The war did bring crises for many emperors in power, but it also opened up the future for many emperors. Third-century crisis

Main article: Crisis of the Third Century

Beginning on March 18, 235, Emperor Alexander Severus was assassinated, and Rome fell into a civil war that lasted for 50 years. This period was known as the "crisis of the third century." The brave and warrior Sassanid dynasty flourished in Parthia and replaced the Parthian Empire as a confidant in the eastern part of Rome. As the crisis became fierce, Emperor Valerian was defeated and captured in 259 in the Eastern Expedition to Persia. His eldest son Gary Ennus Inherit the throne and once again launch an offensive against the East. Posthumus, the governor of the Germanic region, launched a mutiny and killed Saloninus, son of Gallienus in Kipana (today Cologne ) , and established the Gaul Empire to confront Rome. The Gaul Empire was founded in Kipana and quickly mastered the Germanic and Gaul provinces, even the Iberian Peninsula and Britannia, and set up a Senate and consul, basically maintaining the religion, language, and culture of Rome, The record of the Germanic tribes is no less than that of Rome, but it has never been recognized by the Roman empire itself. It is regarded as a major disaster of the Western Empire and is purged with all-out efforts. After the Roman Emperor Claudius II (reigned from 268 to 270) repelled the barbarian invasion, after several rounds of fierce battles, he finally regained part of the Gaul Empire that had been independent for nearly ten years, and at the same time, the eastern part of the empire Several provinces were conquered by the Kingdom of Palmyra, which was ruled by the self-proclaimed Empress Chinobia. In 272, Emperor Aurelian regained the lost land in the east and captured Chinobia. After stabilizing the situation in the east, he turned to the west and regained the Gaul Empire within a year. The Gaul Empire’s Emperor Taitrikus I and His son II wanted to return to Rome, hoping to return to the embrace of the empire. During a night of private conversation, the army of Tetricus surrendered, and Aurelian reunited the three-part Roman empire. Four Emperors' Co-government System

Rome’s unlimited expansion eventually plunged itself into a crisis of the third century. In the more than ten years between the assassination of Aurelian and the succession of Diocletian in 275, at least eight emperors were killed, and the murderers were all of them. The army to which they belong. After Diocletian, the political development of the Roman Empire had a great turning point. In 285, he appointed Maximian as the deputy emperor and conferred the title of Augustus. Together with him, he governed Rome and Maximian governed the western part of the empire. In 293, Galerius and Constantius I was appointed Caesar (deputy emperor). Diocletian created the first four emperor's co-governance system, which divided the empire into four major areas. Four imperial capitals different from Rome were built to avoid the recurrence of the dilemma of the third century. In the west, Maxime settled in Milan, Constantius settled in Trier, and in the east, the capitals were West Sirmium and Nicomedea. On May 1, 305, the two Augustus abdicated at the same time, their original Caesar was promoted, and the new Caesar was appointed by the new Augustus, creating the second four imperial rule.

Constantine the Great

The four-imperial co-government system produced a major turning point after the death of Constantius I in 306. His son Constantine the Great announced that he would succeed Augustine in Britain in an attempt to take over the western part of the empire. Augustin 308 in the eastern part of the Galerius convened command Licinius western nominal Augustine, however, Constantine ambition than in the western empire, but to unify the whole of Rome, in the East-West competition for the right to rule After a series of battles, Constantine and Lisini ruled the two sides of the empire respectively in 314, and in 324 Constantine defeated Lisini at the Battle of Adriatic Fort to unite Rome. Although the four emperors’ co-government system ended, the idea of ​​this rule remained. Rome was finally divided into two empires. The wise monarch and the saint can return the empire to a single rule, but after the death of the emperor, it was divided into two parts again and again. .

Second split

In this division, Constantine the Great divided Caesars in various places, from left to right: Constantine II , Constantine I , Constantius II , and Emperor Constantine in May 337. After the death of Emperor Tantin, the three divided the empire, while the other relatives were all killed by Constantius. Constantius II was born in Pannonia in 317. He was one of the three sons born to Constantine the Great. He was also born to Fausta, the second wife of the Great. Star was the daughter of Maximilian. Constantius was named Caesar by her father on November 13, 327. Rome returned to the rule of an emperor, but ended its unification again in 337. The civil war broke out between the three sons of the emperor, and the empire was divided into three points. It was not until Constantus was killed by his subordinate Magnentius in 350, and then Magnentius was defeated by Constantius in 353. Us. The base areas of Constantius were mainly distributed in the east, and it was also considered the first emperor of Byzantium . Under his rule, Byzantium gradually became Constantinople , and to put it bluntly, it was the capital of the Eastern Empire. In 361 Tantiwusi died, had been appointed a cousin of Caesar governance west of Julian to the throne, the Persian expedition in 363 years Julian Sassanid when killed, 364 of Jovian the throne.

Eventually split

Jovian died in 364, and Valentinian I succeeded. He divided the empire again and gave the eastern half to his brother Valence . However, stability did not last long. The conflict came because of external forces. In 376, the Visigoths were repelled by the Huns who moved west from the southern Russian grasslands, and were finally allowed to live in the eastern part of the empire. However, the situation eventually broke out of control. At the Battle of Adrianople , Valence himself died in the rebellion. Since then, the national boundaries have changed, and the national conditions and foreign relations of the empire are no longer the same. After the death of Valentinian I , his son and heir Gratian appointed Theodosius as Emperor of the East in 379. Gratian was betrayed by Maximus and died in 383. Theodosius did not have the strength to fight Maximus, so he negotiated with him first. However, the political situation was not stable. In 388, Theodosius defeated Maximus, and the western part was nominally ruled by Valentinian II , but Theodosius I in the east wanted to integrate power. In 392, Valentin Tinian died suddenly, and Theodosius became the emperor of the unified Rome. In 394, Theodosius put down the civil strife in the empire, and until his death the following year, the empire remained unified. He was also the last emperor to maintain the unity of the Roman Empire. His eldest son Arcadius took over the eastern part of the empire, and his youngest son Flavius ·Augustus Hornoliu took over the western part of the empire. At this time, the culture of the empire was half-mixed with Romans and barbarians. However, this influence was also a long-lasting factor in the eastern part. After Theodosius died, the two countries Iiadri Asia and the sea are divided and ruled. After that, the Western Empire was unable to stop the tribes who crossed the Rhine River ~ the Germans . In 408, the West Goths came to the city. Weakness and Demise

In the 408 years Sisti Ricoeur after being victimized by calumny, Emperor Honorius also 423 years die, and he also will maintain the boundaries of collapse, as early as 410 years in Mexico Alaric I, a specialite, once dealt a heavy blow to the empire, and occupied the city of Rome in one fell swoop with the cooperation of slaves in the city . This move is of great historical significance. The old Roman country was finally captured by foreigners in the 5th century, and even went straight to Sicily and Africa. Later, the barbarians also captured parts of Spain. Constantine III (406-411) In 407, the British army was ordered to return to Gaul across the sea and abandoned the Roman citizens on the British Isles. After the death of Hornoliu, the Byzantium supported Valentinian III as emperor. The Western Roman Empire was unable to maintain the size of the army. It coincided with the Huns moving west to Western Europe, so in 407 they formed an alliance with the Huns and defeated Burgundy. The invasion of the first man defeated the Savoy in 433. Although they regained control of some areas with the help of powerful allies, the Western Roman Empire had already consumed too much national power at the end of this century, and the Burgundy area was immediately destroyed again. Take away. In Africa, the Vandal Geisalek attacked from Spain across the sea in 429, and occupied Carthage without blood in 435. In 439, he established an independent country and established a powerful navy, Valentinian. Sending fleets to trade with them, the Vandal Kingdom controlled most of the islands and coasts in the western Mediterranean. In 444, Attila , the leader of the Huns , allied with the Western Roman Empire and agreed to marry the princess and the emperor's sister, Honoria, in preparation to attack the Kingdom of Visigoth. Facing a strong opponent, the Visigothic Kingdom , and the rebellious Western Roman Empire, Attila turned his face and attacked the Gaul region. The famous Battle of Chalon broke out on both sides. Although the Goth-Roman coalition had won, the Visigothic King Dior Doric was killed. Although the Huns withdrew from Gaul because of their defeat, Attila quickly rallied into the Italian mainland, and Pope Leo I came forward to beg for peace and saved Rome. Attila died suddenly in 453, leaving the huge empire divided by his successors, and eventually disappeared on the stage of history. However, the turmoil did not stop because of this. Most barbarians saw the weak nature of the Western Roman Empire and the more rampant tide. Like flooding into the empire. In 455, the Vandals captured Rome, and Leo once again came forward to mediate. Most of the barbarians were protected from being destroyed by the Huns because of the protection of the Western Roman Empire. However, because of the low-end civilization of the barbarians, out of the exposure of their predatory nature, the Germans quickly launched an invasion of the Western Roman Empire in the 450s. Over the past ten years, the emperors of the Western Roman Empire have been captured, expelled, or killed by barbarian leaders. From Valentinian who was exiled by Attila to the last emperor Nipos, the ending was similar. The barbarian leaders even supported their own sons. emperor. The naval battle on the Caben Peninsula in 468 can be called the battle of Chibi in the Mediterranean world . In this battle, the navies of the two Roman Empires , especially the Eastern Roman Empire , were severely damaged. For the Western Roman Empire, this was also its last large-scale military operation. Because after this battle, the final fighting power of the Western Roman Empire was basically exhausted. After years of wars, the Western Roman Empire was hit hard by this, and it was unable to launch large-scale battles in the future. In 475, Orest drove away the Western Roman emperor Nipos and established his son Romulus Augustus as the Western Roman emperor. In 476, Odoase killed Orest, deposed Romulus Augustus, and established himself as King of Italy, which also symbolized the fall of the Western Roman Empire. After 476, three parallel governments appeared, and the following forces claimed to be the orthodox government of Rome: the former emperor Nipos, who was exiled, controlled Dalmatia until he was killed in 480; separatist ruled in the northern provinces of Gaul, The governor remained loyal to Rome until he was killed in 487; the province of Rome and Aran in North Africa also surrendered to the Vandals. It was not until Byzantium defeated the Vandals in 533 that he returned to Roman jurisdiction. The Last Emperor The date of death of the Western Roman Empire is generally believed to be September 4, 476, when Odoase ousted Romulus Augustus , but the lack of specific historical data makes the details a mystery. Nipos still proclaimed himself the emperor of the Western Roman Empire at that time, and had a negligible territory left, and maintained a considerable equal relationship with the Byzantine Emperor Zeno . There was also an enclave in the north of Gaul, and the head of the province was still loyal to Rome. Odoase was loyal to Juno after he proclaimed himself the leader of Italy. Juno also canonized him to recognize the legitimacy of Odoase. However, Odoase still respected Nipos as the emperor of the Western Roman Empire and the currency in Italy. For a long time, it was still the portrait and name taboo of Nipos, but the majesty of the royal family has long been worse than before, and there is no possibility of resuming rule. Odoace continued to hold power in the territory until Nipos was assassinated in 480, and the legality of his rule was completely replaced by the Italian kingdom of Odoace. Impact of demise

Theodoric the Great

In 493, King Theodoric of Eastern Germany challenged Odoase. He joined the Byzantine Emperor Juno to deal with his rival Odoase. After booby-trapping Odoase, he was canonized as governor of the Byzantine Empire. , Although in fact the position of Emperor Theodoric is on the same level as Byzantium. After the death of Theodoric the Great in 526, the territory of the original Western Roman Empire was ruled by various Germanic peoples. These Germanic peoples gradually began to use Roman law, and Byzantium was under the rule of the Justinian dynasty at this time. The emperor Justinian I intended to restore the Roman Empire, so he attacked the Italian peninsula and regained it.

Byzantine rule

From the late antiquity to the early Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire (also often referred to as the Byzantine Empire) attempted to regain those areas in the west that were occupied by foreigners. In the 6th century, Byzantium even managed to occupy the most prosperous territory of the Western Roman Empire. Justinian is the most accomplished under the command of Belisarius , the first recovered by the Vandals occupied North Africa, and recovered Carthage , is the campaign to recover the outpost of the Italian peninsula, after more fully recover the ground, then recover the Iberian peninsula in the south, but 568 years after the death of Justinian, Italy was the Lombards by the fall. Although the emperors of Byzantium all attempted to regain the lost land of the Western Roman Empire in the future, there was no achievement comparable to Justinian . Since then, the Western and Western part of Europe also led to different future destinies. After Justinian's death, worship The Zhan court tried hard to protect the existing traditional borders. After the 7th century, Byzantium's military power has been greatly reduced. Although the fate of Eastern and Western Europe is very different, the ending of the Eastern and Western Roman Empire is exactly the same. With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, new Germanic nations occupied the provinces of the original Roman provinces and divided and ruled them. This move also continued Roman law and its traditions. Most of the original Germanic tribes were Christianized and belonged to the Arian sect . They were converted to Catholicism in order to obtain the allegiance of the local Roman citizens, and at the same time they converted to support the more powerful Catholic Church . Although they maintained the tribal laws, they could not avoid the influence of Roman law . The Roman law system is based on the Civil Law Encyclopedia compiled by Justinian I. It is the foundation of the ancient private law and the modern civil law system , while the maritime law system is based on the Germanic England~Saxon law. . Latin is almost like a dead language in modern times . It merges with neighboring Germanic and Celtic languages ​​to become a modern Romance language family , such as French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian , Catalan, and Austrian. Croatian and Romansh . Latin has also influenced Germanic languages such as English, German and Dutch , even Celtic and Albanian languages , Polish and Czech languages of the Slavic family , as well as those that have nothing to do with Indo-European nations . Hungarian . The Latin alphabet has also developed new letters such as J (developed from I), U (developed from V), Germanic and Polish also developed W, these influences cover the spelling system on the earth today, Roman numerals It is still used today, but its status is challenged by Arabic numerals . Political thought was also influenced by the Roman emperor system. The emperor concurrently served as a religious leader (first the Roman polytheistic high priest and later became the Christian emperor) and thus became the supreme and sole ruler. Although in the Middle Ages, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire still Insist on claiming to inherit the throne of the Western Roman Empire in order to maintain the legitimacy of the rule, and this is because Pope Leo III asked for help from Charlemagne in 800, and afterwards he was named the "Emperor of the Romans", and the Holy Rome The empire can claim itself as an emperor in the Middle Ages (most other countries are called kings) because of the co-governance of Roman politics. The country recognized the Byzantine empire as the co-ruler of the empire, and the two countries were the heirs of ancient Rome. Until the end of 1806, France's national power increased significantly during the time of Louis XIV to give France the status of empire , laying the foundation for Napoleon I to proclaim the emperor, and Napoleon defeated the Fourth Anti-French Alliance led by the Austrian Empire in that year , forcing it to force it. The emperor title of the Holy Roman Empire was cancelled. The legacy of the Western Roman Empire also includes the Catholic Church . The Catholic Church gradually replaced the authority of the Western Roman Empire and became the most authoritative organization in Western Europe. It also stabilized the troubled times after the fall of Rome in the 5th century, and strengthened legal, people, and administrative resources. As a result, religious strongmen such as Ambrose appeared. During the Great Dark Period (9th to 10th centuries) after Rome was invaded by Germanic tribes, the Catholic Church became the highest authority and its influence gradually reached Northern Europe.

In 800, the Frankish King Charlemagne was crowned the Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III , so he was called Charlemagne to inherit the Western Roman Empire. Since then , there has been a new royal family, which later evolved into the Holy Roman Empire . The German emperors all claim to be the successors of the Western Roman Empire. To sum up, the fall of the Western Roman Empire had important effects on the following levels: Society: The demise of the Western Roman Empire ended the slave societies in Western Europe and North Africa. History: Due to the great influence of the Roman Empire, after the decline of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, it was generally divided into the end of ancient Europe and entered the Middle Ages . Nation: The Western Roman Empire, which was later divided by foreigners, became the predecessor of some European countries today. Politics: After Europe, there is no longer a unified regime. Situation: The dark age of Europe unfolds. structure Inflation began to appear in Rome and the Italian peninsula , which led to slow economic development, and industry and capital moved out one after another. The emperors who came from provinces outside Italy in the early second century caused the economic corruption of the Italian provinces during their reign, such as: Trajan , Hadrian , the expanding economic problems eventually led to the collapse of the empire. Level In the west, low urbanization and population expansion increased the economic burden of some provinces in the late empire. Italy in the south, Gaul in the north, and even parts of Spain were unable to maintain a garrison. However, the rich east did not have the problem of poor stocks. The best example is that Constantine the Great and Constantius II ruled the entire Roman Empire by virtue of the East, so they provided professional soldiers for Byzantium and recruited mercenaries for them. At the same time, Western Rome The empire could not afford these financial resources. Byzantium could afford it in terms of defense, while the Western Roman Empire could not. Therefore, the difference was highlighted and the outcome was different. Politics, economy, and the military have promoted the concentration of Byzantine resources to maintain the stability of the country. They set up defensive strongholds on military and trade routes. However, the powerless Western Roman Empire was eventually fragmented. In 402, the imperial capital was finally moved to Ravenna . The fleet in Byzantium is easy to assist, but the position is in the swamp, and the economic power is still controlled by the Roman government and the nobles of the Senate, especially in Italy and Africa. Emperor Garionus was controlled by the army during the crisis of the third century. After the senate was taken away, the Senate lost its greatest interest-the army. At the beginning of the 5th century, the landlord class in the Senate was restricted to military service on a large scale, but it was still able to maintain the western part of the empire with large financial resources. In the 4th century in the west of the empire, Gaul and the Rhine were heavily defended by the barbarians. At that time, Trier gathered more resources than the imperial capital to defend against the Franks . In 394, Theodosius I and Eugenius (Evgenius) The civil war broke out during the period, and the newly established Western Empire transferred its forces from Britain and the Rhine Region to defend Italy. Since then, the situation has changed, and the west can no longer prevent the barbarians from crossing the border. The resources of the Western Roman Empire were very poor and lack of manpower to prepare the armed forces. It had to recruit barbarians to take charge of defense. However, the government was unable to pay salaries. The barbarians invaded the territory step by step, and the government was forced to increase taxes to meet military expenditures. With the weakening of the central power, the frontier provinces of the empire were eventually lost, and in the end they could only control the areas along the Mediterranean . The Roman emperor tried to maintain the territorial waters. Unexpectedly, the Vandals conquered North Africa. The empire was surrounded by barbarians and could only control few resources. After the loss of Africa’s provinces, the Italian peninsula was like an isolated island, and its economy was unable to stabilize and collapsed.

Diplomatic

Toward the start, Rome just exchanged for certain little adjoining nations, and the degree was little. From 138 BC to 119 BC, Sovereign Wu of the Han Line sent Zhang Qian toward the Western Districts twice and by implication began exchange with Rome through the Silk Street ; Banchao in the Eastern Han Administration dispatched Gan Ying to Daqin , yet just arrived at the Persian Inlet and returned without progress; In 166, the Roman Domain sent emissaries to Luoyang , the capital of Han Line , and gave gifts, for example, rhino horns. The east and the west were firmly associated. The Western Han Line exchanged silk, tea, and porcelain in return for pearls, flavors, therapeutic materials, and china from Rest , Greece, Rome, and Macedonia . Notwithstanding regular visits, the different sides likewise moved their own items and advancements to one another, which advanced the trading of material and profound civilizations between the East and the West, helping individuals of the East and the West. In the Han line, Yunnan could bring the stream down the Irrawaddy Waterway, cruising out of the Narrows of Bengal to India. Associated with the Indian Sea Channel. "The Memoir of Weiluo Xirong" records that the Daqin stream, Tongyi Prefecture, Yongchang Area, arrived on the shore of Burma and arrived at Yongchang. The depiction of "Eritrean Ocean Journey" about the spot east of India's east coast can likewise affirm this course. English antiquarian Harvey said Throughout the entire existence of Myanmar that since the second century BC, China has utilized Myanmar as a business channel, "a line along the Irrawaddy Waterway, a line along the Salween Stream, and there is as yet a chindwinr stream (chindwinr, It requires three months to ride a pony through Mannipur and even Afghanistan. Vendors exchanged well known items, for example, Chinese silk in return for Burmese diamonds, jade, and kapok; Indian rhino horns, ivory, European gold and different fortunes ".