Indus Valley civilization
Indus Valley civilization (Indus Valley
Civilization), also known as the Indus civilization (Indus
civilization) or Harappan Civilization (Harappan
Civilization).Later, it was 480 kilometers (300 miles) west of Karachi, near Sutkagen Dor on the Arabian Coast, and 1,600 kilometers (1000 miles) northeast of Karachi. Simla Hills ) Rupar, at 800 km (500 miles) southeast of Karachi, on the west coast of the Gulf of Cambay, and the Yamuna River 50 km (30 miles) north of Delhi The ruins of this civilization are found in the Yamuna Basin. It is more widely distributed than the earlier Mesopotamian civilization and Egyptian civilization.
Watershed civilization
Introduction
Indus Valley Civilization is also called
Indus 
Civilization or Harappan Civilization. The earliest known urban culture
in the Indian subcontinent, for the first time in 1921.Source of the Indus River
In Punjab (Punjab) discovery of Harappa, Mohenjo 1922 in a letter Nadu (Sindh) River in India - Discover (two places belong to Pakistan) Darrow (Mohenjo-daro). Later, Rupar, 1,600 kilometers (1000 miles) northeast of Karachi, in the foothills of Simla Hills, and 800 kilometers (500 miles) southeast of Karachi, on the southern coast of the western coast of Gulf of Cambay) and the Yamuna Basin, 50 km (30 miles) north of Delhi, have found the remains of this civilization. It is more widely distributed than the earlier Mesopotamian civilization and Egyptian civilization. Mohenjo-Daro (Mohenjo-daro) is the earliest large ancient city established in the world.
Indus Valley Civilization
Sphere of influence
The Indus civilization includes two major
cities, Xalapa and Mohenzo-Daro, as well as more than 100 smaller towns and
villages. [1] two major cities more than a radius of 5 km (3 miles), the size
of its presumed political center of two big states, or a large empire in turn
to two places for the capital ( Indian history was originally
there on one country, two are System), but it is also possible that Xalapa
became the seat of the capital after Mohenzo-Daro because Mohenzo-Daro was
destroyed by the flood more than once. In Kathiawar (Kathiawar) and the
southern cultural area further south than the main Indus region, this culture
has written characters and about 250 to 500 characters, some of which have been
tested for interpretation. This language has been temporarily classified into
the Dravidian language family. The central period of the civilization was about
2500 to 1700 years ago, but the culture of the southern region that appeared in
the first 2,000 years may continue to a later time.Origin and development
The Indus civilization evolved from nearby
places or ancient villages. Adopting the irrigated farming method of Mesopotamia,
one has sufficient skillsHarvesting crops in the vast and fertile Indus Valley can control the floods that will fertilize the land and cause disasters once a year. Once the new civilization gains a foothold in the plains and can cope with the immediate problems, it will undoubtedly feed the people and increase the number of people. The next step is of course to expand forward along both sides of the river channel. Although sporadic commerce has occurred here, the people still depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. In addition to planting wheat and six-row barley, they also find fodder beans, mustard, sesame, some date kernels, and some traces of the earliest planted cotton. Domesticated animals include dogs, cats, zebu, short-horn cattle, poultry, etc., and may have raised pigs, camels, and buffalo. Elephants may also be domesticated, and the use of ivory is quite common. Because there are no minerals in the alluvial plains, minerals are sometimes transported from other places. Gold was imported from South India or Afghanistan, silver and copper were imported from Afghanistan or Northwest India (now Rajasthan), lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, turquoise from Iran (Persia), and jade-like muscovite from southern India.
Discovery process
The Indus River is one of the longest rivers in the world. But before the 18th century, people didn't think that this river hiding in the desert, with rare sights, was once as bright as ancient Egypt. And compared with other ancient civilizations, it is completely unprecedented.The earliest attention of the Indus civilization was the excavation of the Xalapa ruins in the 18th century. The remnants of the metropolis were found here. In the middle of the 19th century, when Indian Director of Archaeology Cunningham visited Habara for the second time, he discovered a peculiar seal, but he thought it was just a foreign object and wrote a simple report. After 50 years, no one paid attention. This site is gone. Unsurprisingly, a large number of ruins belonging to the same civilization were found in the area of Punjab, including Xalapa, centered on 1,600 kilometers from east to west and 1,400 kilometers from north to south. This discovery shocked the archaeological community because the ancient civilization with such a large scope can be said to be unique in the world.
In 1922, an accidental opportunity made people discover the remains of Mohenzo-Daro, 600 kilometers south of Xalapa. The objects unearthed here are similar to those unearthed in Xalapa. With the seal unearthed by Phra, archaeologists began to pay attention to the vast area between the two sites. These sites are located in the Indus Valley, so it is called the Indus Civilization. According to research, the site was built-in 5000 years or even earlier. However, what is exciting is not only its area and age. It was soon discovered that although these sites belong to the same civilization, their living standards are not the same. What is the reason?
Research and exploration
Scientific research
The results of a study of the Indian seal
unearthed in Xalapa are disappointing, and no one can interpret the words on
the seal. Writing is the standard of a country's civilization. Seals with
writing may play an important role in political and economic activities. And
the seal was only unearthed in Mohenzo-Daro and Xalapa, so experts concluded
that Mohenzo-Daro and Xalapa are both cities, which can explain why people in
the same civilization have different living standards, Of course, this is just
speculation. To further confirm the urban nature of Mohenzo-Daro and Xalapa,
archaeologists carried out the most extensive excavations on Mohenzo-Daro. The
city of Mohenzo-Daro has an area of about 260 hectares and a power of 100
square kilometers. It is divided into a castle on the west side and a large
city block on the east side. The west side of the castle is built on a
foundation of up to 10 meters. The castle has a large brick barn and a bidet
building called "big bath". The most surprising thing is the large
barn. It seems to show the wealth of the city at that time. But how is the
grain filled in the big barn solicited?Streets are extending in all directions in the urban area. The east-west direction and the north-south direction are more than 10 meters wide. The housing of the citizens has wells and courtyards. The building materials of the houses are fired bricks. If it is not seen with your own eyes, this is unbelievable, because, in other ancient civilizations, bricks were only used for the construction of palaces and shrines. The most amazing thing for archaeologists is the complete drainage system. The degree of perfection may not even reach the best modern cities in the world today. Water from the flush toilets on the second floor can be drained to the sewer through the earth pipe in the wall, and some people have garbage pipes that dump garbage through tall buildings. Sewage from various households settles in the outdoor storage tank and then flows into underground water channels like underdrain. The underground water channels are criss-cross and spread all over the city. Faced with such a dense underground water channel, people can not help but dumbfounded. There are sentries throughout the residential area. From the excavation results, this is a city that attaches great importance to the public facilities of citizens' lives. What kind of society is this? Why does it have no palace and all housing standards are the same? It is completely different from ancient Inca with palaces and shrines, Mesopotamia, and the king, the pharaoh's mausoleum, the rich and the poor Egypt? In addition to the perfect public facilities, many ports lead to the Indus River and even the Arabian Sea. Performance of economic activity. Whose planning is all this? This designer can be said to have a modern mind. Also, the entire Mohenzo-Daro has no defense systems and attack weapons, nor does it have exquisite and eye-catching works of art. This is the only precedent in the known ancient civilization.
Related exploration
(The following is an archaeological legend)Who are the rulers of these cities? Archaeologists first searched for palaces and shrines in Mohenzo-Daro, and found nothing. This raises another question: who is it, and what method do you use to rule this vast country? And Mahendama and Xalapa have the same city construction, are they both capitals? Because there is no temple, can you use other Examples from ancient civilizations-the kings of ancient Inca, Mesopotamia, and ancient Egypt also served as pharaohs or priest-kings to speculate on the ruler? There is no trace of the rule of the priest-king in all the ruins, is it more than 5000 years ago The Indus civilization has abandoned the monarchy? Such a large country can't have no rulers. Archaeologists have carefully studied the first and later seals, but after a century of hard work, the words on the seals cannot be read. So, is it a symbol of power? If so, why are there no temples and palaces in these two cities?
Indus Valley Civilization
Because a small number of seals are
engraved with idols, some people speculate that this may be a religious relic.
However, it was also refuted that this is entirely a family or personal
preservation, and it cannot explain that the entire country is religious.
Moreover, the nearly 30,000 seals unearthed with gods are only a small part.
There are more and more mysteries. Some people think that as long as you can
interpret the words on the seal, you can explain the ins and outs of this
civilization. The text can certainly make people understand the origin and
decline of the entire civilization. Most archaeologists believe that it must be
studied in many ways to bypass the category.Who created this civilization, at first
people had mistakenly thought that it was developed under the influence of
other civilizations, but further archaeological discoveries, whether it is
texts or seals are not seen elsewhere, and the unearthed human bone
identification also shows that The people here mix elements of many races and
are not known as a specific ethnic group.Those who built such a highly civilized city in an uninhabitable place at that time, if they were not ancestors of the Indians, then who is it? How was the Indus civilization abandoned? The latter can be obtained from Mohenzo-da Some clues were found on the bones unearthed by Luo. The bones unearthed here all died in a very strange state. In other words, the dead people were not buried in the tomb. Archaeologists have found that these people died suddenly. In the usual ruins of ancient civilizations, there will be no sudden death unless earthquakes and volcanic eruptions have occurred. Monzo-Daro has not happened the above two things. The human bones were found in the living room, and many of the living bodies are piled upside terribly down. The most striking thing is that the mortal body covered the face with both hands and appeared to protect itself. If it were not volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, what kind of terror caused these people to die instantly? This is a mystery for a long time. Archaeologists have proposed hypotheses such as epidemics, attacks, and collective suicide, but they all Was overthrown. Neither an epidemic nor a collective suicide can explain the death in a moment. And who was washing things by the well and taking a bath in the bath? To understand the mystery, Indian archaeologist Kaha conducted a detailed chemical analysis of the unearthed human bones. Dr. Kaha ’s report said: “I found traces of high-temperature heating in 9 bones ...... Needless to say, this is certainly not a cremation, and there are no signs of fire.” What unusually high temperature caused Mohen What about the death of the residents of Zo-Daro? People think of the nuclear wars that many scientists inferred in ancient times in many parts of the world. Does the Mohenzo-Daro site have anything to do with the ancient hypothetical nuclear war? The Indo-Asian continent is the battlefield of the ancient nuclear war often recited in epic myths. The war scene described in the great narrative poem "Mahabharata" of 400 BC is like the tragic scene after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, and the weapons mentioned cannot be compared with modern weapons. More importantly, such a horrible memory of tragic memory is not comparable to the "Hiroshima" incident of 1945.
River city
Introduction
Cities in the Indus Valley were unique at
the time, because these cities were not built arbitrarily like rabbit farms,
but were carefully built according to a central plan. In their heyday, cities
occupied six to seven square miles. The city layout is
lattice-shaped, with wide main streets surrounding rectangular blocks, each
block is about 400 yards long and 200 yards wide, which is much larger than the
usual blocks in the city. Buildings in Egypt used stones, buildings in
Mesopotamia used bricks dried in the sun, and buildings in these cities were
built with bricks burned in kilns. There are only two standard sizes for making
bricks throughout the Indus Valley: 11x5.5x2.5 inches and 9.2x4.5x2.2 inches.
It can be seen that the weights and measures across the country are also
consistent. Such a neat layout and methodical organization seem to be spread
throughout the Indus civilization area. This civilization reached maturity
around 2500 BC. In the next 1000 years, it was actually in a state of
stillness, and even to such a degree that these cities were rebuilt after the
devastating flood damage The new city is always created
the same as the original city.Evaluation
Such a consistent and continuous tradition has never existed in the world, even in Egypt. Therefore, a hypothesis has emerged that it may be a spiritual force to control this disciplined society. The lack of military equipment and urban defenses also provided evidence for this hypothesis. However, all this is speculation after all, and it can only be speculation before excavating more ancient city ruins and reading the words of the Indus Valley. The words in the Indus Valley are hieroglyphs. The upper line reads from left to right, and the next line reads from right to left. This type of writing was also imitated by the early Greeks, and it was called "calligraphy from left to right and from right to left."City building
With the Acropolis as the center, it is distributed in a grid, with municipal buildings, markets, workshops, storage areas, residents, and temples. Each resident was built around a yard, with several rooms, a toilet, and a well. The basic material for construction is earthen bricks made from wood-burning kilns. A large bath was built on the Acropolis of Mohenzo-Daro, with private baths, clubs, etc.Agricultural handicraft
Like all other ancient civilizations, the Indus civilization is mainly agricultural. The main crops are wheat and barley, but residents also grow purple peas, melons, sesame, date palms and cotton-the Indus Valley was the first cotton woven. Animals that have been domesticated include dogs, cats, yak, buffalo, and possibly pigs, camels, horses, and donkeys. There is also a considerable trade relationship with the outside world; of whichCotton
Including Mesopotamia, where the seal of the Indus Valley was found in the ruins belonging to 2300 BC. Some other Indus Basin products were also found on Bahrain Island in the Persian Gulf, which indicates that Bahrain Island is an intermediate station for maritime trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus River Basin.
Crops
Farmers in the Indus Valley grow barley, wheat, cotton, melons, and dates. They also domesticated elephants and buffaloes to work in the fields. This area has many skillful made pottery, they produced pottery with potter's wheel, which at the time was a new technology. The Xalapa used stone tools and used bronze to make knives, weapons, bowls, and statues. They have established a well-developed waste treatment system, including a covered drainage system and a chute for dumping garbage.
Art development
Perhaps the most famous arts and crafts of the Indus
civilization are some stamps, usually made of talc, with different and unique
types. The pattern includes all kinds of animals, not only real animals like
elephants, tigers, rhinos and antelopes, but also fantasy or assembled animals,
and sometimes carved human figures. A small number of Indus stone carvings have
also been found, usually small and human or godlike. Also, many small
terracotta statues of animals and people have been found.Disappearing mystery
Ancient ruins
When and why the Indus civilization ends,
it is still unclear how such a widespread culture does not have to assume that
it has a consistent end time. However, the demise of Mohenzo Darrow is known,
and it is dramatic and sudden. It was attacked and looted by invaders in the
mid-2000s, leaving the dead city in place. Who the
intruder is still to be verified. This piece of history seems to be on time and
space with ancient books, " Rig Veda the ancient
Aryan referred to" (Rigveda) match against the Indian River region. It
describes the newcomers attacking the "walled city" or
"fortress" of the aborigines, and the destruction of the city of
Indra by the Aryan god of war "like the erosion of a robe by time."
What is certain is that before the fatal blow to Mohenzo-Daro, the economic and
social conditions have been severely decayed. The floods have flooded most
areas more than once, and the housing construction is getting worse and worse,
and it is an overcrowded phenomenon. The fatal blow seemed to come suddenly,
but the city is indeed dying, and there is evidence to prove that the culture
of the Indus Valley after the civilization is extremely barren, and a small
part draws the heritage of the sub- Indus culture, and also
draws from Iran and the Caucasus Mountains. Aspects;
in fact, in general, it was affected by the Aryan invasion. For hundreds of
years, the urban culture of the northwestern Indian subcontinent was dead.The cause and details of the decline of the Indus civilization are unclear. So far, it is generally believed that the decline was mainly due to the Aryan invasion; however, it has been suggested that this civilization may be submerged by mud. According to this statement, underground volcanic activity caused a large amount of mud, silt, and sand to flow out of the ground, blocking the river channel, forming a large lake, and flooding Mohenzo-Daro. Decades later, the dam that blocked the river channel gradually wears out, the river flows through the dam, and the river returns to the original channel, but the city of Mohenzo-Daro has been destroyed. Judging from the layers of mud in Mohenzo-Daro, this disaster has occurred at least five times. Finally, it brought irreparable damage to the center of the Indus civilization, making the northern border area very weak and unable to resist the Aryan aggression, making the southern border area too weak to resist the assimilation of local culture.
Related statements
Statement oneNo one knows who the residents of the Indus Valley is, and no one knows where they came from. We can't understand their words. This region has similarities with Sumer, but there are also obvious differences. They do business with the residents of Sumerian cities, and with people from tribes in India and Central Asia. The Indus civilization continued for 800 years, and no one knows why it ended, but there are several statements: flooding of rivers; plague; the collapse of trade or economic or domestic order; replacement by the Aryans, etc.
Statement two
Others have suggested that the Indus civilization is the result of the integration of multiple cultures, and there are many opinions. One thing is for sure, the particularity and magic of the Indus civilization has made it an irreplaceable wealth dedicated to the development of human history. It is not only the source of Indian culture, but also an important part of the history of human civilization. The answer is today's important task, and it will eventually be revealed.
